Ageing Theory Essay

P4: In this assignment I will be explaining two theories which are the disengagement theory and the activity theory. Disengagement theory The disengagement theory suggests when people reach old age, they tend to naturally withdraw themselves from society and social involvement, elderly folk will also reduce their physical activity due to complications with poor health as they grow old. This among other reasons will result in restricted opportunities to interact with others and forms an individual mentality/approach to life due to becoming less concerned with the expectation of others/withdrawal. In 1975 Cumming argued that â€Å"it was appropriate and healthy for older people to withdraw from others† because it was deemed a natural part of the ageing process. The disengagement theory states that older people start to withdraw themselves from society and others because of their bodily issues i.e. hearing loss, loss of vision and reduction in physical movement. These complications can cause an older persons health to deteriorate which results in the loss of communication with others and withdrawal from society along with social interaction. Retirement can also be a contributing factor for elderly people not to be involved as much due to the inevitability that they will lose touch with their ex colleagues and friends. Older people may also have family that live far away therefore, they may not be able to travel much due to not having access to a car or even have access to technology such as the internet. This restricts the opportunity for social contact and leads to further disengagement due to being isolated from the new generation’s facilities. However, critics point out that disengagement can be discredited for a number of reasons. The majority of older people do remain socially involved with family and friends and many older people become more involved with close family as they become older. It may be that many older people choose to spend the time they have remaining with people they feel close to, rather than seeking to make new friends. If people only interact with close friends does this mean they are disengaged? It is also important to remember disengagement can often be enforced, rather than voluntary. For example, people who need to move to a nursing home experience restrictions on their social circle as well as limitations on their friends, this can result in fewer connections as friends die and depression/isolation occurs due to  inability to change the situation they are in. This is why many people don’t agree with the disengagement theory. Activity theory The activity theory suggests that older people need to disengage, but that they also need to remain â€Å"active† in order to limit the risks associated with disengagement i.e. stagnation, loss of mental and physical skills. Being mentally and physically active is viewed as being very important because it can improve mental and physical health in later life. The general ideology of the activity theory is the more you do, the better you will age. People who maintain an interest in life and continue to be engaged with family and friends tend to be healthier, happier and more in touch with what is going on around them. However, it is not sufficient merely to provide facilities for elderly people. They need to be educated to make use of them and encouraged to engage in a full day of activities, this will result in a high level of productivity and in theory slow down the ageing process. Furthermore, the activity theory can be argued against to some degree because it doesn’t remain true. It is somewhat difficult to suggest just being busy will help greatly with ageing. Therefore, a heightened level of activity is needed, but it needs to be engaging and fulfilling, rather than just busy work/stimulation. As people get older, nerve cells in the brain get weaker which results in memory loss, in order to prevent this from happening old people choose to be mentally active by taking courses and getting involved in studies, and physically active by going on walks, the gym even swimming. To conclude this theory implies by truly engaging ourselves in later life with purpose it can make us live longer. Overall I think it is best to stay active for as long as you can, it means a better social life and a healthy body and mind. It may even increase your life expectancy. I feel disengagement from society and social interaction would have serious consequences and would result in life expectancy being decreased. However, people may be forced in to disengagement through injury or onset of disease/disability. M2: I will be discussing the disengagement and active theories in relation to the individual I have chosen. Disengagement theory in relation to Barrack Obama When Barack Obama reaches old age, he may go through disengagement. This would include a withdrawal from society and social interaction. This may be caused by various factors as the ageing process begins to start and his physical and mental state declines. Obama may distance himself from family and friends which would restrict his opportunities, this is because older people tend to disengage themselves totally and chose not to be involved in social activities/interaction. Therefore, Obama could develop an individual approach and become stuck with this mentality which would result in isolation as he becomes less concerned with the expectations of others. A number of factors can contribute to Obama becoming further disengaged such as retirement. Due to the amount of stress and responsibilities he has had to deal with for a long period of time, he may feel a time out is required. This will inevitably mean the loss of friends and ex colleagues. Another factor could be the deterioration of his health for example, his eye sight, hearing and physical movement may all contribute to him socially disengaging. This would cause further complications and would also restrict Obama from travelling. The realization of death would then begin to linger while he considers the amount of time he has remaining. Furthermore, mental aspects may also occur due to contemplating his previous decisions he made while in power which could have a detrimental effect and may result in him developing depression. This will no doubt result in him no longer wanting his picture taken, and health services being required in order to help him cope with the situation he is in (mentally unstable maybe even forced disengagement). The mutual relationship he once had with society would then begin to evaporate as the disengagement process is completed. Activity theory in relation to Barrack Obama However, if Obama chooses to remain active, he will be more likely to overcome the negative factors that social disengagement causes. If Obama retires after his term as president of the United States, he could continue to work for the America government by being part of international relations. Therefore, he would continue to travel and have his photograph taken due to being an ambassador for his nation. This would mean he will maintain a heighted level of activity that would be engaging, fulfilling, and stimulate  his brain which would delay the aging process and in theory prolong any health issues. Furthermore, Obama would maintain an interest in life and continue to be engaged with family and friends, this would result in him being healthier, happier and more in touch with what was going on around him. He would also be involved in family gatherings and physical activities such as keeping fit i.e. running and attending the gym. All these active factors would form a physical and social routine which would no doubt prevent any sort of disengagement. D2: I will be evaluating how each theory is associated to health and social care provision and what influences health and social care can provide. Ageing and health and social care provision The activity and disengagement theory both relate to health and social care settings. Looking at the activity theory, it is clear that it still has an impact on health and social care settings, most services help people to be active by providing various physical and social activities i.e. care homes provide bingo, quizzes, chess, cards, music and sensory activities which keep elderly people occupied. These games are used in order to keep them entertained and their minds active, whereas day care centres offer days out, dancing and exercise. I believe these services help people to be involved rather than push them away and disengage them as they encourage physical and social interaction/participation. People are living longer due to these services and our good public health/lifestyle. Most health and social care provisions urge older people to remain active because it helps prolong body functions, boosts self esteem and in theory delays the negative effects of ageing. Doctor’s surgeries, community centres and hospitals will also have leaflets and posters with information on revealing how to stay active and will show activities and exercises that older people can do in order to keep healthy. It is now viewed as very important to remain active because as we grow older people tend to lose their memory. This is caused by a decrease in the number of brain cells and the body weakening. Therefore, maintaining a heighted level of activity that is engaging, fulfilling, and stimulates the brain helps delay complications and the aging process. Policies and procedures have changed over the years, giving older people more respect. Having these rights help older people feel more safe and secure in society. All these services for older people will aim to provide quality assurance, choice and ensure the upmost respect is given to the people they are caring for. Older people should always have a choice as to how active they wish to be. If some older people do not want to take part and be disengaged in activities and other participations then that is fine as they have free will in what they want to do and what they do not want to do. Some people may even have disabilities or mental health problems. Therefore, they may not want to take part as they will feel belittled or intimidated it is also a part of their human rights. Quality services will never attempt to force older people to be active and engaged, but they will provide opportunities and encouragement for individuals to maintain the continuity of their lives and remain as a ctive as they wish which must be respected and always taken into account. Looking at the disengagement theory, it is clear that it still has an impact on health and social care settings. Although there are many services that provide physical and social engagement, it can be difficult for elderly people to be involved. I believe there are a number of influences in today’s society that encourage disengagement. For example, Disabilities contribute when forming interaction socially and physically, travel expenses is also an issue, many people don’t have access to transport, although there are mini buses/bus passes now available for elderly people, lots of elderly, mentally challenged and disabled find it difficult to attend these services (forced disengagement). Some people may even struggle to adapt to retirement, someone who has been working all there life may find it difficult to find themselves out of the loop through the loss of ex colleagues and friends even death i.e. the loss of a loved one is a contributing factor and provides an outlet to disengage completely. Furthermore, more people now use drugs, smoke and drink alcohol excessively. Alcohol is a depressant and if used inappropriately it can form an addiction which eventually results in people wanting to be on their own and not wanting to leave their homes. Drugs, smoking and alcohol can also cause diseases such as cancer, liver disease and mental illnesses which all affect how individuals engage. All  these factors could result in serious complications/implications i.e. people not waiting to interact physically or socialise at all. Conclusion Overall I personally believe that today’s society is based more on the activity theory. People are becoming less ill because of the NHS and living longer due to various health and social care services providing engagement both physically and socially. Campaigns on healthy eating, exercise and things to do to keep active is being put out in the open daily. This includes medicines, treatments and screenings. The activity theory provides some evidence of being effective because more and more older people are living in their own homes, keeping active both physically and socially and even cooking healthy meals for themselves as people are becoming more alert to what their body requires, retirement is also now shown to be enjoyable, elderly people ensure they maintain a routine which involves interacting with family and friends, in addition to volunteering which helps them engage and in theory, be more in touch with what is going on around them leading to a happier, healthier life. In my opinion the disengagement theory is very negative on society and on a person. Although it is sometimes viewed as an unavoidable weakness, no one in today’s world wants to be separated from society because of their age. I believe the theory to be ignorant to the fact that older people are still individuals regardless of the process of ageing there are still people who are capable of enjoying life and being part of society which deserve respect and the right to have choices and be independent. Although complications can occur as the ageing process takes place i.e. loss of mobility, illness, malfunction of the body. It is important that people rights are respected and if they want to disengage themselves from society they are free to do so.

Review of Related Literature and Studies Essay

The importance of the business educators is increasing as the business world becomes more complex. Through this program, the students are educated to become skilled individuals who can contribute meaningfully to the overall effectiveness in an office setting, teaching and learning in schools. According to Hornby (2006) he says, â€Å"Curriculum is a subject that is included in a course of study or taught in a school, college, etc.† On the other hand, Uwaifo (2006) stated that a close look at the current Vocational and Technical Education curriculum generally reveals some problems that border on inadequate course content. Uhumuavbi and Ebhomhen (2006) in their own vain statement, they said that irrespective of the level of education and training given during the pre-colonial days in Africa, it was functional because the curriculum was relevant to the needs of the society. Unemployment if it existed, at all was minimal and very few young men roamed the villages and towns with nothing to do. According to Snyder (2008), a flexible curriculum is important because there is no single curricular path to career success. We are giving students more flexibility; this is not a radical departure from our curriculum. While Robert and Booth (2008) stated that the curriculum changes allow students to increase the intensity of their studies. According to Hasan (2001) the current status of the Indonesians educational system is somehow affected by current academic performance, curriculum, and quality of teachers and level of education. The policy directions for curriculum development were very positive and there was a lot of challenge for the Ministry of National Education to follow-up in the implementation of policies formulated, design a curriculum that includes technological system and information system to uplift the academic  performance in every level of education. Updating of the physical facilities is needed to improve teaching and learning process. Wagan (2001) stressed that continuous evaluation of the school curriculum should not be overlooked. Time and development in the business call for change and modification. The suggestions of graduates maybe a rich source of information for authorities, curriculum makers and in-service training program coordinates for materials that need emphasis and innovations. The National Association for Business Teacher Education (NABTE) is the institutional division of NBEA. The primary purpose of the organization is to promote business teacher education by providing national leadership and services to its member institutions and business teacher educators. Membership is open only to such colleges and universities that offer business teacher education curriculums approved by their respective State Departments of Education for the certification of business teachers. NABTE highlighted the importance of professional development in its publication, Business Teacher Education Curriculum Guide & Program Standards (2011). It emphasizes that business teacher educators should be involved in continual professional development activities and highlighted the importance of the course itself for future reference. The education paradigm emphasized during the early part of the 21st Century clearly called for an emphasis on basic skills (No Child Left Behind, 2001). The term â€Å"basic skill† is widely recognized as skill in reading, writing, or math. In fact, the United States national assessment of educational achievement assesses students in two basic skill areas: mathematics and reading. The term reading refers to the ability of a subject to phonemically announce and comprehend written or symbolic material. A licensed teacher is even highly regarded, according to the No Child Left Behind Act 2001, â€Å"highly qualified means that teachers have passed the teacher licensing examination.† (Tileston, 2004, p. 8). Foreign Studies Earlier research studies into the professional development needs of business teacher educators felt they needed more preparation in the development of new teaching methods; it seemed to echo the same perception of practicing business teachers (Polkinghorne, 2006). As a result, Boatright (2005) reported that all teachers must receive â€Å"adequate preparation† to work with  an â€Å"integrated curriculum†. Most teacher education programs use students’ grade point average (GPA) as a criterion for admission (Mikotovics & Crehan, 2002). Some programs combine GPA with ratings of a written profile, which requires applicants to describe relevant experiences and why they are interested in teaching or with letters of reference (Caskey, Peterson, & Temple, 2001) or with ratings of applicants’ performance in an interview (Denner, Salzman, & Newsome, 2001). In the United States, standardized test results are commonly used. Results from specific pre-requisite education courses also may be utilized. Finally, for applicants intending to become high school teachers, most consecutive programs require university-level coursework in the subject areas to be taught. Grade Point Average. GPA is the most widely used criterion for admission to teacher education programs (Lawrence & Crehan, 2001; Mikitovics & Crehan, 2002). It is generally believed to measure academic ability and so is thought to predict success in the instructional parts of the programs. However, a more important reason for its popularity as a criterion is likely its ready availability from students’ transcripts and its use by other advanced degree programs. Written Profile. The second most widely used criterion for entrance into teacher education programs is an applicant profile, typically consisting of written responses to specific questions about relevant experiences and interest in teaching. Such a profile includes much of the same information that could be elicited in an individual interview. The responses may be reviewed by the teacher education program for evidence of appropriate preparation and genuine interest and for evidence of unsuitability for teaching (Caskey, Peterson & Temple, 2001). In Ontario, all but one teacher education program uses some form of profile or essay response for screening applicants (Teacher Education Application Services, TEAS, 2004). Interview. The interview provides a unique opportunity for the teacher education program to gather information about an applicant’s language proficiency, attitudes, and interpersonal skills, in addition to information similar to that which could be gleaned from a written profile (Denner et. al., 2001). Interview ratings have also been found to be of limited value for predicting student teaching performance (Byrnes et. al., 2000; Caskey et. al., 2001; Denner et. al., 2001). However, they found that ratings of applicants’ performance in a  group interview predicted student teaching performance and that this type of interview was a better predictor than academic criteria. More recently, Byrnes, Kiger, and Shechtman (2000) studied 65 pre-service teachers, comparing their university supervisors’ and supervising teachers’ ratings of their student teaching performance with their ratings from a group interview intended to assess applicants’ verbal, interpersonal, and leadership skills. The group interview ratings added significantly to the prediction of the university supervisors’ ratings of the pre-service teachers’ student teaching performance, after controlling for the contributions of GPA and ACT test scores, but not to the prediction of the supervising teachers’ ratings. Standardized Tests. Many teacher education programs in the U.S. use results from standardized tests in their selection processes. For example, 28 states and the District of Columbia require applicants to pass the Praxis I: Pre Professional Skills Assessments (Educational Testing Service, 2006), which tests basic skills in reading, writing, and mathematics knowledge. There does not appear to be a consistent protocol for the use of or selection of standardized tests in the United States, and none are used in Canada as the mandate for Education falls under the jurisdiction of provincial governments. Courses in Subject Area. Applicants for consecutive programs who wish to train to be elementary school teachers are often assumed to have adequate subject matter knowledge if they have a Bachelor’s degree (although some programs will require them to also pass tests of reading, writing, and mathematics). Applicants for preparation as high school teachers, however, typically must provide proof of adequate knowledge of the subject areas they intend to teach. Often, this requirement is met by providing a university transcript showing completion of the required numbers of courses in the specialization areas. More recently, Stotsky (2006) has suggested that the content of the course should be considered and that university academic departments should be held responsible for the content knowledge of elementary and high school teachers in their disciplines. Overall Success in a Teacher Education Program. A few studies have examined the ability of admission criteria to predict overall success in a teacher education program. Caskey, Peterson, and Temple (2001), for example, analyzed the admission data for 82 applicants who were subsequently admitted to a one-year consecutive teacher education program. They found  that ratings of reference letters and a writing test score were most highly correlated with overall program performance. The correlation has the GPA of: 11 with personal statements, 16 with the performance of problem-solving by group, and with a holistic rating of completion application with .03 GPA. Together, the six admission criteria accounted for 38% of the variance in program performance. Hamel and Merz (2005) indicated the potential positive impact on student achievement emphasized through legislation seemed â€Å"reasonable enough† (p. 158). In fact, they indicated that teacher education institutions should work with federal policy makers to find the best way to improve student achievement. A myriad of social science researchers indicated subject-matter knowledge is an important component of effective teaching (Draper, 2008; Kehe, 2003; Stone et. al., 2008). A teacher’s ability to contextualize abstract content-knowledge to authentic learning opportunities is essential to the student’s ability to retain and apply knowledge to unique situations. Contextualizing subject-matter knowledge in social context is supported in both content area reading and cognitive research. Early content area reading research focused on students’ ability to pronounce written materials. To achieve this, according to the National Policy on Education (2004), computer education was integrated into the primary school curriculum, a welcome development but sad to note that subjects like shorthand, typewriting, commerce, and book-keeping are integrated together to form business studies thereby losing their original identity. Local Literature In the growing demands of today’s modern world one should be aware of the striking challenges and complexities of life today. Being aware of these things can do a big contribution in terms of the development of the society as well as the citizen of the society. The test of the greatness of a nation lies on the quality of education of its people. Thus, education plays a vital role in developing and producing locally and globally competitive citizens. On the other hand, if Business Teacher Education program are aiming for quality education and successful teachers, they should consider the effectiveness of the courses and programs being offered as well as the competencies of the teachers in transferring the knowledge and skills to the  future educators of the country. While various schools and other institutions offering business teacher education are having difficulties on improving the performance rating of the graduates in the licensure examination for teachers, it is very interesting to know the admission policies of the schools and the quality of the business teacher education program in producing competitive educators of the country. On the article of Vea Reynaldo (2009) discussing about the World education news and reviews, she made mention about the Philippine educational system. She said that entrance to universities and other institutions of higher education is dependent on the possession of a high school Certificate of Graduation and in some cases on the results of the National Career Assessment Examination (NCAE), or in many colleges and universities the results of their own entrance examinations. The NCAE is administered to fourth-year high school students to gauge the quality of the individual institutions they are attending, it was not designed or intended as an admission test, but has nonetheless served that purpose for some institutions and helps students to choose their career paths. Privately administered testing programs through the Center for Educational Measurement (CEP) are also widely used by colleges for admissions purposes. The two most common ones are the College Scholastic Aptitude Test (CSAT) and the Admission Test for Colleges and Universities (ATCU). The Philippine Education Placement Test (PEPT) is a national examination designed to evaluate the grade level of students returning to the school system or seeking admission to college based on knowledge and skills gained through formal and non-formal methods. Paredes (2000) states that the task of universities, colleges, and other educational institutions engaged in teacher education is to produce teachers whose preparation allow them to possess not only a high degree of technical skills and a thorough education underlying the practice of teaching, but also to become persons qualified to assume the responsibilities of educational leadership in the communities in which they will work. Enriquez, (2000) gives importance on accepting students engaged in Teacher Education Program who would unselfishly devote their lives to the noble task of teaching, which the researchers think will do a great help in producing competent teachers that will help students to  become a productive citizen of the country. The admission policy at Polytechnic University of the Philippines on the year on school year 2011-2012 is on a FIRST-COME-FIRST-SERVED basis subject to the availability of slots. In addition to the general criteria set by the University, admission to an academic program depends on the satisfaction of the specific criteria such as PUPCET Score, High School General Weighted Average and High School final rating requirement in selected HS subjects.) In the College of Education, the specific criteria in admitting aspiring students should have a minimum PUPCET score of 99, on the high school general weighted average their minimum requirement is 82% and the final rating in the English subject should be 82%. The students should pass also in the final interview to be admitted at the College of Education. According to Basaen, et. al. (2005), he wrote about the results of licensure examinations have become measures of the quality of instruction, faculty, and students. Accrediting agencies as well as C.H.E.D. have used government board examination results as gauge in granting schools the university status, center of development, and center of excellence. Moreover, on the results of the licensure examination for teachers at the Polytechnic University of the Philippines from the year 2008-2013 the researchers had gathered. It had been showed from year 2008 that overall results were 63%, wherein 91 out of 144 passed the examination. While on the year 2009, the overall results were 56% wherein 267 out of 479 had passed. On the year 2010 there are 141 who passed out of 359 examinees equivalent to 39.25%. While on the year 2011, the overall results were 40.86 wherein 143 had passed out of 350. On the other hand, on year 2012 the overall results was 72.69% where in 330 out of 454 had passed the examination. Lastly, on the current year 2013, the results decreased from 72.69% to 60.33% wherein 146 had passed out of 242. Thus, there is varying results on the performance rating of the students at the Polytechnic University of the Philippines. It only goes to show that there is still a need of an improvement. Local Studies Licensure examination is a scholastic aptitude test designed to measure some intellectual abilities and skills and that will serve as a requirement for eligibility in the teaching profession. It is the last hurdle that a  candidate must face to acquire a license to work. A board has the ultimate responsibility to ensure that the examination meets the technical, professional, and legal standards, and protects the health, safety, and welfare of the public by assessing candidates’ abilities to practice competently in their chosen field. According to Ornstein and Levine (2006, p. 28) licensure and testing for teachers is one of the steps that improves public confidence in the teacher workplace. Panawidan (2000) found in her study of The Status of the Teacher Education Program of Higher Education Institutions in Region XII that the enrolment in Teacher Education was relatively high compared to other disciplines. She said that teacher education programs are found to be oversubscribed including courses in Business Education, Humanities, Social Sciences and Communication. There seemed to be resurgence in the demand for teachers here and abroad. She also said that teacher education program was well implemented by majority of the teacher education institutions because of compliance to CHED requirements. In addition, results showed that there were more LET passers in the elementary level than in the secondary level. There are several factors which could influence the performance of higher education institutions that are offering teacher education program. According to Tan C (2006) in her study of the Factors influencing the performance of teacher education program in selected state universities and colleges in Region IV-A, some faculty-related factors and dean-related factors influenced the performance of teacher education programs in terms of passing rate in the LET and employment rate of graduates. Supervision of the deans indicated by the dean’s activities towards the improvement of classroom instruction and dean’s supervisory practices for the development of better school and community relationship had significant and positive effect on the passing rate. The more often the deans did such activities, the higher was the passing rate in the LET. Another factor was the school climate since a good school climate results to higher passing rate in the LET, although this condition had a negative influence on the employment rate. The dean’s longer years of teaching resulted to lower passing rate in the LET but the dean’s education attainment positively influenced the employment of the graduates. Layba (2003) conducted his study on Evaluation  of the Quality Teacher Education Program in Higher Education Institutions in the Province of Laguna which consisted of 13 privates and public tertiary schools for school year 2002-2003. In his study, the researcher involves the administrators and teachers of selected tertiary schools as respondents. The results revealed several strengths and weaknesses of the education program among school respondents. According to Limo (2010) on his study about the Need-based Reviewer in Technology and Livelihood Education for the licensure examination for teachers, it is concluded that the reviewer in T.L.E. is a useful materials in preparing education graduates whose major are technology and livelihood education to take the LET. LET-T.L.E reviewer prepares graduates in the LET in the different components they are not trained in. It has a content update in each component or practice test items that guide the target user on how to identify the correct answer. Moreover, the reviewer was found highly valid as to objectives, contents, instructional materials and practice test items; hence they are expected to be able to assist the TLE graduates to pass the LET. Valenton and Dela Cruz (2007) found on their study about The â€Å"Performance in the Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET) of Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Technology and Home Economics Graduates at Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology†, the batch passing rates of LET takers from 2003-2006 were all lower than 30%. Also, the LET takers had a satisfactory performance only in the Field of Specialization and did not perform well in the General Education and Professional Subjects. It might be implied that the BSE Graduates major in T.H.E. did not perform well the LET given in years 2004 to 2006. BIBLIOGRAPHY FOREIGN LITERATURE Books Delta State University (2006). â€Å"Business Education Unit Academic Programme for B.S. Degree in Business Education.† Abraka, Delsu. Thesis F.O. Ohiwerei and N. Azih (2010). â€Å"Comparative Programmes of Business Education In Nigerian Universities (A Case Study of Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma and Delta State University, Abraka)†. Polkinghorne, Frederick William (2009). â€Å"Reading Skill Integration in High School Business Courses: Perceptions of Business Teacher Educators in the United States† Journal Casey, Catherine E. et. al. (2007). â€Å"Teacher Education Program Admission Criteria and What Beginning Teachers Need to know to be Successful Teachers†. Webliography National Association for Business Teacher Education 2011, http://www.nabte.org/ http://www.nbea.org/newsite/curriculum/standards/ Red River College and the University of Winnipeg, http://me.rrc.mb.ca/Catalogue/ProgramInfo.aspx?RegionCode=WPG&ProgCode=BUSHF-DP Proquest, LLC, http://udini.proquest.com/view/reading-skill-integration-in-high-pqid:1879088921/ LOCAL LITERATURE Theses Paredes Enriquez Caseldo, Dante L. (2008). â€Å"Academic predictors of the licensure examination for teachers performance of the University of the Cordilleras BSED-MATH Graduates.† Webliogragphy Nick Clark, http://www.wes.org/ewenr/09jan/practical.htm LOCAL STUDIES Thesis Limo, Mark Raguindin (2010). â€Å"Need-Based Reviewer in Technology and Livelihood Education for the Licensure Exam for Teachers†. Valenton et. al. (2007). â€Å"Performance in the Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET) of Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Technology and Home Economics Graduates at Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology† Umali, Severino E. (2009). â€Å"An Evaluation of Technology and Livelihood Education Program among Selected Secondary Schools in the National Capital Region (NCR)† Pajarillo, Marcela Bartolome (2012). â€Å"Evaluation of Private Higher Education Institutions in Bicol Region Based on Baldrige Education Criteria for Performance Excellence: Basis for Planning Institutional Improvement† Webliogragphy Hanz, http://www.dearhq.org/licensure_examination.htm/August2008

History of London Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

History of London - Essay Example As children attend school, they copy and even acquire the culture of classmates and even that of neighbors. Most of the parents who moved to London within the last 150 years have had difficulties in communication, and they make use of their children as translators. Children attending schools engage in socializing activities from where they learn and acquire new cultures. The young generation within the city of London has had its life molded on what the young people believe. In fact, they are not influenced by their parents who would want them to follow their footsteps. Therefore, there has been conflict between children and parents in the city of London. However, parents should know that they cannot influence the behavior of their children or even their actions (Museum of London). As a city, London has lost its culture because of immigration activities. London has become a host of many people from different countries of the universe making it have different cultures. For instance bei ng a Muslim in London can prove hectic for a Muslim faithful. This is because the city has entirely different ideas and those professing the Muslim faith may feel out of place or as outcast. This issue has caused many people to abandon their beliefs for those that are commonly practiced in the area. This has been the case among the young generation within the city. The result of loss of the culture within the city is the development of multicultural aspects. Many people from other continents and even other countries within Europe have found their way to London. Some of the reasons that have caused immigration are aspects of business and studies. Therefore, diversity has come up in terms of clothing, food and even language. Different foods have been brought to London and a new method of cooking adapted by the city dwellers (Museum of London). There has been an improvement in the business and trade sectors. For instance, new technologies have been brought by foreigners to the city. Mi grants would include the Chinese, American and even the Russians. This has transformed many lives within the city by making work easy and efficient. For instance, exchange of cultural aspects has seen exchange of technology that has made improvements in the transport and sector within the city. Immigration to London has also affected the social aspects of the city. As a result of people moving to the city to look for jobs, there were high levels of unemployment during the start of the twenty century that saw crime levels going up within the city. The young people have been perpetrators or victims that have been associated with crime in London. This was a result of young men and women lacking jobs within the city. In addition to this, there was poor sanitation related issues within the city as a result of many immigrants. The population within the city was large to an extent that the city would not handle all the people in terms of providing social amenities. In an effort to fight th at, institution were established to deal with infectious diseases within the city. The past 150 years have also seen a change in the medical field. For instance, physicians and other medical personnel sought to reach the whole community unlike earlier times where these people were concerned with those who came to the hospital. There have been increased levels of drug and alcohol use within the city. T

Critical Thinking Scenario Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Critical Thinking Scenario - Essay Example This is particularly because there are many moral issues touching on the conduct of the cosmetologist that should trouble his inner intuition or moral sense. For example, it is the moral responsibility of every business salesman to ensure that any statement representing their services or products are always true, accurate and properly substantiated (Ruggiero, 2011). As a salesman, the cosmetologist is morally obligated to be absolutely clear in his mind that the information he is giving his customers regarding the beauty products is factual and the overall impression is accurate as opposed to knowingly making claims about the products without reasonable basis. In addition, the cosmetologist is also ethically obligated to provide the customers with what they pay for. In this regard, deceiving people about the services and products they are buying is ethically wrong because the customers do not get what they have paid for. According to Richards(2010), although the goal of business advertisements is normally to persuade customers into buying products or services rather than conveying, information, businesses are obligated to make sure that all advertisements are based on factual information that can be verified. This is because false compliments and deceptive, misleading advertisement claims can potentially persuade individuals into commercial transactions that they could otherwise avoid. Lastly, the argument that the cosmetologist offers to justify his false complements and deceptive advertisement claims is all wrong (Grace and Stephen, 2005). For example, although the Cosmetologist feels that he is doing a public service by making people to feel good about their selves, he is actually trying to make his potential customers to feel inadequate particularly with their appearance in order to buy the beauty products with

To What Extent is Class Conflict Inevitable Essay

To What Extent is Class Conflict Inevitable - Essay Example The researcher states that from a Marxist perspective, a conflict between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat is inevitable because the former always use all means necessary to ensure that the control the latter in a manner that ensures that they become wealthier. The ability to exploit others to ensure that more wealth is in their hands is the reason why the bourgeoisie remain dominant in society and it is only a matter of time before the proletariat, as a result of their despair, rise against the bourgeoisie. While this may be the case, class struggle is existent in modern society and this is mostly as a result of the elite not only controlling the means of production but also the most political authority to ensure that they secure their economic positions. Through having political power, they can pass laws that are against the masses in such a way that the latter provide cheaper labor so that the bourgeoisie can make more profits. Furthermore, the masses, or workers, have created unions so that they can have the advantage necessary to help them in reversing the policies of the bourgeoisie through such actions as strikes as well as making deals that are favorable for them, such as good working conditions and better pay. Maavak states that while in the past the term social conflict was used mainly in socialist circles, in the modern world, it has come to be used within the context of a growing gap between the wealthy and the rest of society. The capitalist system has come to be at the center of the new divisions according to classes, with those who own big business forming the elite while the rest of society being categorized as less privileged because their economic strength is not secure. From this point of view, owners and workers to control not only the means of production but also labor which ends up creating class divisions manifest class struggle through the attempt or contest. A result of this contest is that happens on a regular basis as the two class es work towards outmaneuvering each other in an almost unending process.

Text, Image, Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Text, Image, Culture - Essay Example Most of the consumers buy televisions to satisfy their need of being connected to the world. Before, small television sets already satisfied this need. However, when the big televisions were introduced, the society began to change their through of being duly satisfied. It came to be that bigger televisions would bring about better self satisfaction level for many consumers. Besides convenience, they are satisfied by the fact that they are able to benefit from the best and most recent innovations of technology, which makes them a part of a modern society. Psychologically, being able to get along with the society is a great benefit in terms of self-satisfaction matters of an individual. Usually, owning large-sized televisions suggest extravagance and luxury. This fact then adds up to the social status of an individual who has the capability to purchase the said type of televisions. Normally, a person who owns a television set that is of a large-size is usually identified as someone who has a better social status than that of the others who own smaller television types. Yes, owning a large television also identifies the financial capability of the consumer. As known to many, large televisions cost higher than that of the smaller ones. This is mainly because of the features that it posses and the elements of entertainment that it offers its viewers. Aside from this, the marketing strategy of the said types of television sets suggest that if consumers buy them, they are to be considered "cool" by the society. As a result, many consumers who buy the said device have the same idealism as they take ownership of the television. On Personal Companionship Many among those who purchase large sized television would want to fulfill their need of having a personal companion. Psychologically, this may be termed as a personal need of having someone or something to fill the void of companionship within a person. More than just the idea of relaxation that the television provides, for many introvert persons who would rather stay at home than mingle with other outside, televisions serves as a personal companion. The certainties of the fulfillment of the said television regarding the said need could be seen in the actual provisions of the television of bringing the world to the house of the television viewer or owner. On Advertising Matters and Social Culture In a world of numerous products offered by different manufacturing companies, advertising strategies used by the business establishments could be both appealing and blinding to the eyes of the consumers. Why is this so This is due to the fact that marketing

Business Requirements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Business Requirements - Essay Example Business goals It is extremely important to first define how the goal of implementing audio and visual capabilities to ensure the needs of disabled clients for the bank are successfully implemented. The following goals need to be addressed in adding audio/visual capabilities: Enterprise collaboration, including features such as audio and video Enterprise portal, to allow users to access the audio/visual files Enterprise resource scheduler to upload new media content Enable online commerce to request files or further downloads Type of deployment The following types of deployments need to both be identified and implemented into the project scope to satisfy all customers: Business to Customer Business to Employee Business to Business Enterprise Employee to Employee Communications Scope It is extremely important to ensure that all parties are involved in the end goal of implementing this change in business practices and that each identified area can be solved and avoid "open-ended" statements that make the goal either unclear or unreachable. If there is any part of the scope of the change that is not identified and remedied, there is a possibility of not meeting the business needs adequately of the target audience. Stakeholders The most important business entity to satisfy is the stakeholders of the bank and this can include both the conventional stakeholder in a traditional banking institution, or, the customer who is a shareholder in a credit union institution. It is important to satisfy that these "stakeholders" are on board for the implementation and how the bottom line will benefit their profit margin. Critical qualities Identify areas that are critical to success. This allows for analysis of the design with respect to the most important... Business Requirements One of the important, but often missed, aspects of web or internet banking is the ability for all persons to access the internet be they abled or disabled. As the world continues to experience more individuals succumbing to disabilities, there is a continual requirement by businesses both on-line and traditional to implement changes to focus on these individuals. As part of the Business Requirements Analysis for the banking industry, our focus will be entirely on adding audio/video capabilities to an existing Internet infrastructure, such being an online banking system. As a business entity, it is important to realize that "a complaint of disability discrimination is unlikely to succeed if accessibility has been considered at the design stage and reasonable steps have been taken to provide access." (Australian Human Rights & Equal Opportunity Commission, 2002). As this consideration is understood, a complete business project plan can be outlined as follows when implementing audio and video capabilities into the banking infrastructure, as taken from the Sun Microsystems website's whitepaper entitled "Sun Java Enterprise System Deployment Planning White Paper" (Sun Microsystems, 2004). Through the implementation of audio and visual tools for the disabled customer and potential customers of the banking system, it allows the bank the ability to reach those customers that have not been properly treated with dignity and what they have been neglected as far as enjoying the benefits of what every person is afforded.

Business Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Business Marketing - Essay Example Moreover, if a customer is not happy with the complimentary services provided by Apple, he may get hold of Apple Protection Plan which is to be purchased. Apple claims that the protection plan gives one stop service and support from Apple experts. Solutions to your queries are just a call away. The plan gives both the hardware and software support (Apple-Support-AppleCare, 2011). Here is what Apple says about its service plan: Apart from one stop technical service, hardware and software support is also included. The hardware support includes coverage of iPhone, battery, earphones and accessories. Regarding battery coverage, service is available for battery depletion of 50% or more from original specification (Apple-Support-AppleCare, 2011). There is an app store of Apple which has hundreds of thousands of software on its store. It is the world’s largest mobile applications store. Some of them are free, and some are to be purchased. There are amazing applications related to games, lifestyle, social networking, and education. You can browse your choice of application and start playing with it right away after downloading it. App store also let you update your current applications in your iPhone by just a single tap (Apple-iPhone-Learn about apps available on the App Store, 2011). Buys (2009) writes in his article about Apple customer satisfaction. As per him, AppleCare provides excellent support service. It repairs phone, answer your queries and replace the damaged parts. If you want to inquire about importing a movie into iMovie, AppleCare will be of great help in this regard. With a single phone and lots of applications in it, you can do simultaneous works at a time; write a book, take photos, make movies. This is why Apple has been a great success (Buys, 2009). However, John (2009) comments on the above article that Apple has a terrible service. His experience for replacing broken products was bad; he said it took him months to have it

Company Law globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Company Law globalization - Essay Example But significant parts are outmoded or have become redundant and they are enshrined in law that is often unnecessarily complicated and inaccessible." In today's world, global companies are able to control more human and economic resources than many nation states. The economic influence of these firms goes far beyond stock markets; these organisations have a genuine impact on people's lives, as the case of Enron illustrated in the U.S. With this perspective, questions like, who governs corporations and how are top executives appointed, or is economic globalisation changing corporate governance practices, are worth asking. Setting up and running a company in the UK is governed by the Companies Act 1985, but many other set of laws affect company operating procedures. These include the Sale of Goods Act 1979 that regulates the sale of any item; the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 which regulates the minimum standards of health and safety for employees; and the Employers' Liability (Compulsory Insurance) Act 1969 which requires employers to have insurance against physical injury and disease sustained by employees. Likewise, there are two types of companies: Private Company - this is usually a small or a family-run business. ... Public Company - must have a minimum capital of 50,000, offer shares to the public, and must have at least two directors or members. They must include "plc" (Public Limited Company) in the registered company name. The law characteristically views a company as a fictional person, a legal person, or a moral person (as opposed to a natural person). Under such tenet, traditionally seen as a legal fiction, a corporation enjoys many of the rights and obligations of individual persons, such as the ability to own property, sign binding contracts, pay taxes, have certain constitutional rights, and otherwise participate in society. It must be noted that corporations do not possess all the rights appertaining to individuals, for instance, in most jurisdictions, a corporation cannot become a citizen, nor vote. On the other hand, corporations often have rights not granted to individuals, such as treaty rights or as an example, the right to stockpile restricted pharmaceuticals without a prescription (Cooke, 1950). In common law nations, standard statement of this theory is found in Lennard's Carrying Co Ltd v Asiatic Petroleum Co Ltd [1915] AC 705, where Lord Haldane stated: "My Lords, a corporation is an abstraction. It has no mind of its own any more than it has a body of its own; its active and directing will must consequently be sought in the person of somebody who is really the directing mind and will of the corporation, the very ego and centre of the personality of the corporation." Salient features of incorporation include: Limited liability - Unlike in a partnership or sole proprietorship, members of a modern business corporation have "limited" liability for the corporation's debts and obligations (this is

Bloomington IN, and corn field Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bloomington IN, and corn field - Research Paper Example ll therefore address culture and cultural centers in Bloomington Indiana and equally draw a relationship between Indiana University students and the corns in the neighborhood of Bloomington Indiana. Corn that refers to maize grain in the US was plant domestication by the indigenous people in Mesoamerica and specifically in Bloomington Indiana. Indeed, settlers, Tibets stopped at the fertile Whitewater Valley in 1800s to initiate the cornfields in Bloomington Indiana. Moreover, the Wayne County farmers, Tibets still embrace their traditions in course of their grain farming that include corn, soybeans, oats, wheat, and canola (Waynet Web). As such, culture and attached traditions are fundamental factors in the cornfields and in Bloomington Indiana where they are located. Indeed, even Indian university embraces this culture in its school curriculum. As such, where culture is a dominant aspect in Bloomington Indiana and the neighboring cornfields, it is only fair to analyze this culture. This culture is enshrined and preserved in Tibetan Cultural Center. Hence, culture as reserved in the Tibetan Cultural Center is a relevant topic in relation to Bloomington Indiana and the cornfiel ds. Corn farming is a cultural activity in Bloomington Indiana. Bloomington Indiana has been the only Tibetan Cultural Center in the United States since 1979. In addition, Bloomington Indiana hosts then Dagom Gaden Tensung Ling Tibetan Monastery that came to being in 1996. Dagom Gaden Tensung Ling Tibetan Monastery follows the Buddhas teachings as transmitted by the Gelugpa lineage of Tibetan Buddhism. It is thus significant in offering the Indiana community with diverse sources of cultural and educational programs applied in this society especially in the cornfields. Tibetan Cultural Center came up in the 1970’s courtesy of an Indiana University professor, Thubten J. Norbu. The main aim of the cultural centre was to preserve the memory and culture of Tibetans and bring awareness to the

The Mission Statement Essay Example for Free

The Mission Statement Essay In this case study will discuss the strengths, weakness, opportunity’s and threats of the Vertu Nokia mobile phone. How well the company did and what the company will do to be completive in today’s changing world of mobile phones. Synopsis of the Situation The situation of the Vertu is how the company can survive in today’s world of technology changes. Nokia manufactures a unique luxury mobile phone by using precious materials such as diamonds, sapphires, titanium and exotic leather for phone production. Key Issues Nokia has a unique product and although it does well it has been shrinking in the market shares. Nokia hired Stephen Elop as the new CEO was given the task of revamping Nokia’s business and save it. Define the Problem The problem is the drop in share price. The problem faced in the lack of ability to not only produce new products but sustain current innovations within the mobile arena. Another issue is the use of an unproven operating system before understand the effects of a fall that could occur. There is also not a set purpose of the change nor what the company can do for its shareholders. Alternative Solutions The solution present was to phase out the outdated operating system and adopt Microsoft’s Window phone as its principal smartphone strategy. The transition from Symbian which was the outdated operating system to Windows Phone was a major move for Nokia and it could take it further by building a successful Third Ecosystem with Microsoft. Selected Solution to the Problem Due to rapid economic growth in emerging markets like China and India, the Asia-Pacific became the fastest growing region for luxury mobile phones. With new developments the luxury mobile phone market looked promising and attracted new market entrants such as Mobiado, GoldVish and GRESSO. Other well established luxury brands, including Christian Dior, Tag Heuer, Versace and Ulysse Nardin also joined the luxury mobile industry through brand extension initiatives with handset manufactures. Implementation In 2005 Nokia branded 8800 series and a year later a special edition of the Nokia 8800 was introduced. These new editions included ultra-lightweight carbon fibre and 24 carat gold plated versions. Despite these products introductions Nokia continued to empower its Vertu subsidiary to take the lead in penetrating the high end luxury mobile

General Biology Ii Essay Example for Free

General Biology Ii Essay I’m giving you a lecture note template rather than the ppt slides because the template takes less paper to print, includes tables that synthesize information from multiple slides, and includes blanks for you to fill in during in-class activities. IV. Practice Exam Questions These are questions similar to ones I will likely ask on the exam. Some of the questions are from past exams. V. Homework Assignment – This assignment covers the latter half of ecology and the first chapter of this unit. I. Learning Goals Overarching Content Goals: Students should be able to trace matter and energy across scales (cellular to organismal to ecosystem) and to use the laws of conservation of matter and energy in their reasoning. * trace molecules as they enter an organism as food or the building blocks of food (i. e. CO2 in plants) and follow those molecules as atoms are rearranged into the molecules used and stored in the body, and as they exit an organism and enter other organisms or the environment. * trace energy as it enters an organism as food or light (photoautotrophs) and should be able to follow the energy as it is converted to different forms (e. . chemical potential energy, heat) and trace energy as it exits an organism and enters another organism or the environment. * Explain body systems as mechanisms for transporting, transforming and conserving matter and energy (Ex. Discuss why temperature regulation is so important in plants and animals, and the costs and benefits of ectothermy and endothermy. )

Evaluation of Data Protection Act in Childcare

Evaluation of Data Protection Act in Childcare Anna Karenina Magcamit 1.) Choose and evaluate four of the 8 Data Protection Act principles, providing examples of how these would be implemented in a child care setting. The importance of confidentiality and Data Protection for home based childcare When working in a childcare setting it is often inevitable to come across confidential information about children and families you are working with. Confidential information is personal information, which should not be shared with unauthorized person or organizations. It also means a child minder should never discuss a child with a friend or other parents. Most common information held by childcare practitioner are name, address, phone number, birth date, record of parent(s)’ and/or emergency contact details, the contact details of the child’s GP. All these information is to be kept confidential as individual have the right to keep information of this type private. The purpose of the Data protection Act 1998 is to regulate the use of personal information by business and organizations. In a childcare setting, childcare providers such as child minders will need to comply with the Act as they are often required to deal with and keep a large amount of information on each child. Therefore passing information to a third party without the parents consent is illegal. A court can prevent the disclosure of confidential information by injunction and where appreciate, award damages if unlawful disclosure has been made It is important to comply with the Data Protection principle when keeping children’s personal information that is covered by the act. http://www.studymode.com/essays/The-Importance-Of-Confidentiality-And-Data-972526.html Personal data shall be obtained only for one or more specified and lawful purposes, and shall not be further processed in any manner incompatible with that purpose or those purposes. A child care provider should be specific about the reasons for requiring the information to be gathered, and what they are going to use it for. If, after collecting the data, it is decided to use the information for another purpose, consideration should be given as to whether this is fair to the individual. If you wish to use data for an additional purpose, further consent should be obtained from the individual and securely held. Good. Personal data shall be accurate and, where necessary, kept up to date. The fourth principle is concerned with the accuracy of information that is held. In everyday business practice this is something which is not always easy to guarantee. However, the Act makes provision for this and asks employers to ensure that data is â€Å"reasonably† accurate. How could child carers ensure that their information remains accurate and up-to-date? Personal data processed for any purpose or purposes shall not be kept for longer than is necessary for that purpose or those purposes. This principle contains commonly asked guidance as to how long data should be kept for before it is destroyed. The Act is not specific about the length of time data should be held for, but gives guidance on good practice so that organizations are better informed to write their own policies. Appropriate technical and organizational measures shall be taken against unauthorized or unlawful processing of personal data and against accidental loss or destruction of, or damage to, personal data. The types of data security used will vary depending on the size of the organization and the number of individuals that information is held on. Information security is concerned with the prevention of data being disclosed to those who may use it for illegal purposes. For example, fraud, identity theft and those working for organizations that could be at risk of harm by information being divulged. The Act requires that appropriate security measures are installed which are sufficient for the information that is being stored. What security measures can the child care setting take to prevent unauthorised processing of data? 2.) Evaluate the need for accurate, legible and up-to-date record keeping, and identify the consequences of non-compliance. It is important to keep records which are up to date to provide accurate, current, comprehensive and concise information concerning the condition and the care required for all individuals. All records which are produced weather written or electronic must be signed and dated; they must also be stored correctly in accordance with that data protection act 1998(The Data Protection Act 1998 (DPA) is a United Kingdom Act of Parliament which defines UK law on the processing of data on identifiable living people. It is the main piece of legislation that governs the protection of personal data in the UK. Although the Act itself does not mention privacy, it was enacted to bring UK law into line with the EU data protection directive of 1995 which required Member States to protect peoples fundamental rights and freedoms and in particular their right to privacy with respect to the processing of personal data.) It is vital that records are kept up to date, as this ensures that the individualâ€⠄¢s needs are being met, and may also help to reduce the likelihood of abuse; up-to-date is particularly important with regard to medication changes, food requirements and particular needs that a child may have,. In addition, up to date contact information is highly important. There is nothing worse than contacting a parent in an emergency and realizing that the mobile number on the child’s information form is an old one. Practitioners must make sure they record information clearly, accurately and up to date. The parents should have a free access to their children files; information should not be kept for longer than necessarily and always stored in a secure place. Every setting should have policies and procedures about how to record and store information which meet Ofsted requirements and are according with the government law Data Protection Act 1998. The policies should include information about different ways when comes to record information such observations, risk assessment, incidents, medical information about the child or special diet requirements, concerns or information about the child progress, record of any meetings or conversations with the parents and other professionals. Keeping records of every work it’s an essential part of a job when working with children. When recording information practitioner must: consult with the manager if he is unsure check any spelling errors when using a computer , store them in a place where nobody else have access to. keep the information clear, short and as accurate as possible so the other member can carry on if the key person is absent avoid using children’s names and pictures to maintain confidentiality when writing in observation sheet the record must show that the child’s needs has been met and identified in case of any concerns about the child practitioner must contact the manager first before making any notes some information needs to be recorded in a specific format or using specific templates according to Common Assessment Framework information which are stored on the computer must have the encryption software which design to encrypt computer data in a way that it cannot be recovered without access to the key. http://www.studymode.com/essays/Describe-Why-Is-Important-To-Record-1818045.html Your whole answer for this question has been taken from the above website. This is plagiarism as you are submitting another persons work as your own. You need to write your answers in your own words to demonstrate your understanding of the subject. If you wish to reference, you should include short quotations that support the points that you have made. You cannot include full answers as a reference. 3.) Explain the different ways of recording digital and paper records in the child care setting. Digital data- Digital data can be slightly more temperamental than paper records, due to the sometimes unpredictable nature of information technology. When recording data on a computer, it is necessary to ensure that adequate and reliable methods of backing up the data are employed so that if the computer malfunctions or becomes damaged, the files can be safely retrieved onto another system. For a home child care provider, the easiest way of backing up data is to use a portable hard drive which can be plugged in to the computer and data saved onto it, it should be stored in a safe place, which is preferably locked, as it will contain confidential information. It is good practice to take a regular (weekly) back up, so that a situation of data loss occurring is minimized. The data that is stored on the computer should be protected by a password. When you switch a computer on, the settings allow for a desktop password to be employed. This should be used so that if the laptop is ever stolen, the data contained within it will be safe. Paper storage- Paper records are generally more accessible, and so should be stored safely and securely depending of the type of information that is recorded. For example, child records and information relating to medication and special requirements may need to be easily accessible. However, financial information, particularly in a larger setting where staff may be employed, will need to be filed away in a locked cupboard or cabinet. 4.) Identify the primary types of data storage for digital and paper records, and evaluate the best option for a home childcare setting. Computer software- The advantages of using accounting software is that many reports are already written into the software that are required to be submitted to HMRC for tax purposes, which can cut down the amount of work when processing the end of year accounts. However, a disadvantage is that sometimes pre-designed accounting software does not give users the degree of flexibility that is required to design their own reports, and can sometimes prove time consuming and complex. As a child care provider, as previously discussed, it will be necessary to undergo regular that are pertinent to the business, and not personal financial records. Manual Records- it is perfectly possible to run a home child care, or larger child care setting, by using a manual accounting system. There are many excellent accounting books available to purchase, especially those through the National Child Minding Association which provides a range of stationery and accounting equipment for home child care providers. For me the perfect type of data storage to run a home child care setting is the Manual records because If updated regularly, manual records are just as useful for preparing end-of-year accounts, but they do not have the flexibility to construct individual reports; for example, a list of expenses month-by-month, or a list of annual income. This will need to be added separately. And not only school expenses or accounting department but also for all the records of the children all throughout the year, some documents need to be signed by the parents and the child carer so it is ideal to have the manual records. References: Data protection act 1998- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Protection_Act_1998#Offences http://www.studymode.com/essays/The-Importance-Of-Confidentiality-And-Data-972526.html http://www.studymode.com/essays/Describe-Why-Is-Important-To-Record-1818045.html

Gilgamesh and Enkidu in the Epic Poem of Gilgamesh Essay -- Gilgamesh

Gilgamesh and Enkidu in the Epic Poem of Gilgamesh In this paper, I seek to explore the identities and relationships between Gilgamesh and Enkidu in the epic poem of Gilgamesh, up through Enkidu’s death. I will explore the gender identity of each independently and then in relation to each other, and how their gender identity influences that relationship. I will also explore other aspects of their identity and how they came to their identities as well, through theories such as social conditioning. I will investigate the possibility that Gilgamesh and Enkidu enjoy a homosexual relationship, since modern times allow such investigations which only 20 years ago were considered extemporaneous to ancient texts by traditions western conventions. Conversely, I will also consider the possibility of a heterosexual male-male relationship in the terms of Platonic love. In addition to this, I will touch briefly at times on the unique relationship each has to a world that is caught up in a change from nature and natural things to what we cal l a civilized life, or an urban life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the beginning of the epic poem Gilgamesh, the main character Gilgamesh is conveyed as a generally immoral human, his genesis mythically coming from the gods. â€Å"Two thirds they made him god and one third man.† (19, Norton; â€Å"Gilgamesh†). He also is said to have a perfect body, which is a trait of godliness in many ancient cultures. â€Å"When the gods created Gilgamesh they gave him a perfect body.† (18, Norton; â€Å"Gilgamesh). Here again it is obvious that the myth says Gilgamesh is from the same stuff as the gods. He is known for taking whatever he desires â€Å"His lust leaves no virgin to her lover, neither the warriors daughter or the wife’s noble.† (19, Norton; â€Å"Gilgamesh†). He has the arrogance and audacity to simply take anything that he considers in his kingdom. Clearly, at least early on in the story, the actions of Gilgamesh mirror that of his mythical genealogy from the gods, who live by a dif ferent moral code than that of civilized humans. At the same time however, Gilgamesh is certainly portrayed in the story as magnificent and capable of incredible things, such as the building of the walls and Rampart in Uruk. â€Å"Climb upon the wall of Uruk; walk along it, I say; regard the foundation terrace and examine the masonry: is it not burnt brick and good?† (19, Norton; Gilgamesh). So at the ... ...ith the fact that it seems death simply can not be escaped. This helps to change Gilgamesh a great deal, and in fact it is after this that Gilgamesh begins to change his way and is truly a â€Å"shepherd of the people.† In the end, Gilgamesh veils Enkidu like a woman (35, Norton: â€Å"Gilgamesh†). In fact, the text describes this as being veiled like a bride in this translation. So once again, even in death, it seems that Enkidu and Gilgamesh have moved to a very close and personal relationship with each other, which is certainly Platonic in nature, and even possibly sexually oriented in some way or another. In the end, it is unavoidable that in some way each is affected by the other, either to serve or remember the other and to be the fulfillment of each other. Works Cited Uknown Author. â€Å"Gilgamesh.† In The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces, the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Western Tradition, Seventh Edition, Volume 1. Ed. Sarah Lawall and Maynard Mack. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, Inc., 1999. 18-35. Doty, William G. Myths of Masculinity. New York: The Crossroad Publishing Company, 1993. 73-78. Sayers, Janet. Sexual Contradictions. New York: Tavistock Publications Ltd., 1986. 23-34.

Knowledge and Poverty in The Lesson by Toni Cade Bambara Essay example

Toni Cade Bambara addresses how knowledge is the means by which one can escape out of poverty in her story The Lesson. In her story she identifies with race, economic inequality, and literary epiphany during the early 1970’s. In this story children of African American progeny come face to face with their own poverty and reality. This realism of society’s social standard was made known to them on a sunny afternoon field trip to a toy store on Fifth Avenue. Through the use of an African American protagonist Miss Moore and antagonist Sylvia who later becomes the sub protagonist and White society the antagonist â€Å"the lesson† was ironically taught. Bambara identifies with race through class and demographics in her story The Lesson. The African American children come to terms with their classed society while visiting a pricey, Manhattan toy store. Sylvia states â€Å"Then we checked out that we on Fifth Avenue and everybody dressed up in stockings. One lady in fur coat, hot as it is. White folks crazy† (643). Sylvia discovers that White people don’t dress like African Americans, even if they share the same type of weather condition. She recognizes that they have money and they have a tendency to give you an idea about how wealthy they are. â€Å"Must be rich people shop here, say Q.T.†(645). One of the children on the trip was able to identify with the demographic of the area. He acknowledged that people who had status and wealth were the one most likely to buy toys and things that expensive. Bambara give readers an insight about the 1970’s and what life was like for those of status in white society. How Whites could afford costly toys while those of African American society could not. Sylvia also recognized behavior patterns in a White atmos... ...he refused to let white society stand in her way. Sylvia made up her mind and would strive to get what she wanted. Throughout The Lesson Toni Cade Bambara illustrated how education is the means by which one can escape out of poverty. This was not done in a classroom structured environment it took place on a sunny afternoon field trip in which the children on the trip was confronted with their own deficiency. There was resistance but as each individual longed for a toy in the store the apparent realism displayed itself. The extremely high price for the toys was an amount that their families could live on for a while. Each child was put in a place where he/ she had to examine themselves, their social conditions and their future. Bambara used race through social status, economic inequality, and literary epiphany to identify the hidden realities in each child life.

Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine :: European Europe History

Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine In the year 1122, soon to be Duke William X of Aquitaine was informed that his bride of one year, Aenor, daughter of the Viscount Aimery, had bore him a daughter. She was christened Alia-Aenor, or Eleanor. Since Aquitaine consisted of more than a third of the entire land of France, she was a heiress of some esteem. Soon after, Aenor gave birth to another daughter, Aelith (Petronella) and then to the heir that William so desired, William Aigret. Unfortunately, when Eleanor was eight, both her mother and brother died, leaving her heiress to the whole of Aquitaine. Eleanor's close childhood friends were her uncle Raymond, who was only eight years older than herself, and her sister. She was influenced by the great heroines in her family, like her grandmother, who sacrificed her place as a Viscountess, for love. When Eleanor was fifteen, her father went on a pilgrimage. On the way, he encountered food poisoning. He left Eleanor in the charge of King Louis the Fat, to marry her off. King L ouis married her to his own son, and made her Queen of France upon his death, some days after the wedding. Louis Capet, Eleanor's new husband, was only sixteen when they wed. The second son, he had grown up in a monastery, preparing for a life in the service of the Lord. However, when his older brother fell off his horse and broke his neck, Louis became heir to the throne of France. Louis was a quiet, deeply religious man, eager to show off for his new, rich and beautiful wife. Eleanor dreamed of a warrior for a husband, and Louis, despite his shyness, desperately wished to fill that part. Quickly he went to war, against his vassals and anyone else that would oppose him. When Petronella was married to Count Ralph of Vermandois, his first wife's family-who he had divorced to marry Petronella-quickly took up arms against him. Louis jumped in to protect his sister-in-law's interests. Even so, Louis's war was badly planned and his army ended up burning an entire village who had taken refuge in a church. The experience left him virtually destroyed, he who had been so in God's favour. The King and Queen went to a respected and feared Abbot, Abbot Bernard. Louis wished to repent for his sins and Eleanor wished to bear Louis a child. By the time they left, Louis was committed to going on a crusade, and Eleanor was pregnant.

Rate of Photosynthesis: Limiting Factors

Rate of photosynthesis: limiting factors Limiting factors The main factors affecting rate of photosynthesis are light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and temperature. In any given situation any one of these may become a limiting factor, in other words the factors that directly affects the rate at which photosynthesis can take place masking the effects of the other factors. Light and rate of photosynthesis At low light intensities, as light intensity increases, the rate of the light-dependent reaction, and therefore photosynthesis generally, increases proportionately (straight line relationship).The more photons of light that fall on a leaf, the greater the number of chlorophyll molecules that are ionised and the more ATP and NADPH are generated. Light dependent reactions use light energy and so are not affected by changes in temperature. Rate of photosynthesis Intensity of light As light intensity is increased further, however, the rate of photosynthesis is eventually limited by some other factor. So the rate plateaus. At very high light intensity, chlorophyll may be damaged and the rate drops steeply (not shown in the graph). Chlorophyll a is used in both photosystems.The wavelength of light is also important. PSI absorbs energy most efficiently at 700 nm and PSII at 680 nm. Light with a higher proportion of energy concentrated in these wavelengths will produce a higher rate of photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide and rate of photosynthesis An increase in the carbon dioxide concentration increases the rate at which carbon is incorporated into carbohydrate in the light-independent reaction, and so the rate of photosynthesis generally increases until limited by another factor. As it is normally present in the atmosphere at very low concentrations (about 0. 4%), increasing carbon dioxide concentration causes a rapid rise in the rate of photosynthesis, which eventually plateaus when the maximum rate of fixation is reached. Rate of photosynthesis Carbon dioxide c oncentration 1 Temperature and rate of photosynthesis Although the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis are not affected by changes in temperature, the light independent reactions of photosynthesis are dependent on temperature. They are reactions catalysed by enzymes. As the enzymes approach their optimum temperatures the overall rate increases.It approximately doubles for every 10 Â °C increase in temperature. Above the optimum temperature the rate begins to decrease, as enzymes are denatured, until it stops. Limiting factors In 1905, when investigating the factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis, Blackmann formulated the Law of limiting factors. This states that the rate of a physiological process will be limited by the factor which is in shortest supply. Any change in the level of a limiting factor will affect the rate of reaction. For example, the amount of light will affect the rate of photosynthesis.If there is no light, there will be no photosynthesis. As light i ntensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis will increase as long as other factors are in adequate supply. As the rate increases, eventually another factor will come into short supply. The graph below shows the effect of low carbon dioxide concentration. It will eventually be insufficient to support a higher rate of photosynthesis, and increasing light intensity will have no effect, so the rate plateaus. Rate of photosynthesis Temperature Rate of photosynthesis Higher CO2 concentration; higher temperature.Higher CO2 concentration; lower temperature. Lower CO2 concentration; lower temperature. . Intensity of light If a higher concentration of carbon dioxide is supplied, light is again a limiting factor and a higher rate can be reached before the rate again plateaus. If carbon dioxide and light levels are high, but temperature is low, increasing temperature will have the greatest effect on reaching a higher rate of photosynthesis. Finding out How might the factors that affect the r ate of photosynthesis be investigated? Design a suitable series of experiments. 2

Significance of Black Madonna

Notwithstanding its sociological, diachronic, literary and sacred conditional relation to the life of some(prenominal) concourse in diametrical pliberal arts of the domain of a function, the source and essence of the discolour bloody shame which serves as the holy moving-picture show of the Virgin bloody shame and Polands national symbol remains to be a debate to many wide-cut deal as far as the history, literary works and theology argon concerned. The presence of ominousen bloody shame be wi stilbesterolpread every(prenominal) across the country and they argon in general nominate insidethe per do work buildinges and cathedrals and they solely point towards the count on of bloody shame and the Christ.This ambit whitethorn amaze been formed centuries ago exclusively its historical significance and importance travelled and withstood the political campaign of period. The govern bloody shame telephone lineated from Italy which means our brothel keeper. Thi e term con nones a title of follow for the Virgin bloody shame and it is often utilize to works of art, to the highest degree especi on the wholey to the produce andchild digitwhich is everydayly feeln as bloody shame and Child . Religion tells that inglorious bloody shame is the arisingal of the image of Virgin Mary which was tested by times that is why it was change into its todays swart image.Also, church leaders claim that somber bloody shame has noting to do with the religious culture of the African-Americans. It is stated, nevertheless, that the inexorable bloody shames became nigrify they were greatly persuaded by the finiss and traditions of the inexorable Americans. The painting transformed into black because it was affected by the engineer where most(prenominal) of these images can be found. On the new(prenominal) hand, history and literature regularise that depressed bloody shame is the changed representation of the advance(prenominal) statues of the African Goddess Isis and her countersign Horus which greatly influenced most of the religions of the world today.Society has associated the color black with something oppose but in the past, this was not the case. For instance, black was connected with fertility and growth and it is good to think of it not as a color bt as an absence of color. From this perspective, the dim bloody shame became an icon for inclusion. She became a imbibe and a comfort for sight from all walks of life and race. In terms of psychology, immorality represents somethin unk forthwithn to consciousness and more often than not, thse gifts involve qualities of the womanishs akin intuition and emotion.It moldiness be born in chief that the term fair(prenominal) does not needs refer to the female specie because both(prenominal) sexes turn in manful and maidenly qualities. With this in mind, it can be state that the dour bloody shames symnolize transformation because this image helps deal e xperience their inner gifts and assists them in bringing those gifts into the uprise . Amid these numerous bills from the different perspectives in the party, until today, thither be no clear and decided position on the real store of the obtuse bloody shame which is call upd to be the representation of Virgin Mary.Even though the different claims face to contradict each another(prenominal) with regards to the wrinkle of the icon or image, the drab bloody shame is considered to be one of the most prestigious religious icon to most of the pack in the present generation. The origin of slow bloody shame A smutty bloody shame whitethorn refer to an icon, painting, fresco or sculpture of Virgin Mary which is unremarkably found in churches, sanctuaries and chapels. It is in addition called as saturnine Virgin since Mary is visualized with minatory or black come up. any(prenominal) believe that this portrayal of Virgin Mary was originated from the culture of the pi tch blackness Americans since many of these Black Madonnas were found in the aras with large black populations such(prenominal) as in the United States. both(prenominal) claim that the color of these images have no significance or value since they were tho repainted by black color after(prenominal) being restored to its original pale-skinned coloring brought by the age of time. Nevertheless, amidst its sociological, historical and religious significance to many parts of the world, the origin of the Black Madonna still remains a question left unanswered to many of its devotees. roughly of the sockn Black Virgin shrines, which we usually see in the cathedrals and churches, are Loreto, Zaragoza, Chartes, Rocamadour, Guadalupe and Montserrat . Black Madonnas are found throughout the world including Belgium, Croatia, Ecuador, England, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Luxemburg, Malta, Mexico, Poland, Romania, Sicily, Spain, Switzerland and the United States . T he first Black Madonna and Child portraits and statues were believed to be from Isis and Horus . Isis was a black African goddess from Nile Valley civilizations whose worship balmy to most of ancient civilizations.Before the first Egyptian dynasty, Isis was worshiped by the Nubians for more than 300 years. It is believed that Isis religion had a lot of similarities to the to the worlds religions which include Buddhism, Hinduism and Christianity. For instance, Horus, the son of Isis, was from a virgin nonpluss immaculate intention and said to walk on wet like Jesus Christ. The husband of Isis stimulated Osiris was similarly resurrected, like Jesus, after he was murdered. When other religions became popular, the Black Madonna and Child statues of Isis and Horus were not destroyed but their names were scarce changed.For example, Isis and Horus were changed to Devaki and Krishna in Hinduism or Maya and Buddha in Buddhism. The Nipponese called Isis as Kwannon while Chinese change d the name to Kwa-yin. In the 1985 book of Ean Begg entitled The Cult of the Black Virgin, in that respect were 450 identified images of the Black Virgin and Child in atomic number 63 with 190 statues in France only. Because of the dominating influence of the Isis religion, it is believed that the African goddess had significant contributions to the civilization of the continent.For instance, capital of France is actually believed to be named after Isis since Para-Isis signifies dedicate of Isis. Likewise, Note Dame which means Our chick is a manifestation that the cathedral of the Catholics is aught but more than as blowup of the temple of Isis in the ancient civilizations . or so also believe that Black Virgin, apart from its resemblance to the portrayal of Isis and Horus of the ancient Egyptians, has the knock-down(prenominal) connection to the medieval Knights Templar and Mary Magdalene .For instance, the famous Black Virgin la Madone des Fenestres which means The Mado nna of the Windows was believed to have kinfolk traditional significance since the place where this statue was believed to be a place where many Templars were massacred. Some associate Black Madonnas with African-American cultures. Nevertheless, church literature strongly denies this claim since church officials insist that the Madonnas became black because of the smoke from candles and mother fucker and eventually because of the old age of the statues .Meanwhile, the Black Madonna in Southern provencal tradition is associated with the patron of the Gypsies called St. Lara . The patron saint is considered to be the black assistant who tended to(p) the three Marys to France when they escaped from the Holy vote out after Crucifixion of Jesus Christ. Meanwhile, during 1934, an icon of the Virgin Mother and Child was brought to the capital of Minnesotaine monastery of Jasna Gora or the Bright Mountain in Western Poland. The icon was said to be donated by the Prince of Opole in Sil esia. Some told that the icon was painted by St. Luke on boards from skirt of the Holy Family in Nazareth.And the face of the said icon is black . There are other countless theories or so the origin of the Black Madonnas or Black Virgins but until today, there is no concrete explanation about the history or origin of the now famous image in the religious sectors of the world. There are many who look at Black Madonna in relation to some of the goddesses know to custody like Kali of India, Hecate and medusa of Greece and Isis of Egypt. These grounds shows a spiritual as well as a psychological substance that raises the Black Madona to a take of great importance and significance in the modern world .Today, the statues of Isis and Horus are now called Mary and Jesus and there are millions of pilgrims who are visiting the Black Madonna shrines since they are believed to be miraculous to the devotees. Some claim that the statues can help bring underpin towns of plague, make infer tile women pregnant, bring back dead babies to life, save countries from war and the like. wizard of the obvious testimonies of the miracle from the Black Virgin in Poland was the experience of Pope buns Paul II when he prayed to the statue for his rec everyplacey from his gas pedal shot wound .After the miracle happened to Pope John Paul II, several miraculous events were assign after the Black Virgins including saving Poland from Russia in 1769. In fact, in 1968, the Black Madonna shrine in Poland received over 66, 000 thank you letters for healing and other miraculous events . The meaning of Black Madonna Theories about the definition of darkness of the configuration and mystery behind the dark image have been established everywhere. What Black Madonna represents is not an easy question to answer.There is a tendency that one answer may lead to several more questions which supplicate plenty more explanations. One of the attainable indicates for this dilemma lies in the dif ficulty of consciously incorporating the feminine aspect of life in a particular culture and most especially, a darker side of it. Another reason is the characteristic and nature of the dark feminine itself which clearly defies any attempt to generate limits as to what she really represents. However, no division what many people may express and observe, the Black Madonna mirrors herself in the individualised as well as corporate lives of the people.This dark side generates intimations to the most requisite of meanings through the use of images, literature, works of arts and even dreams . It is noteworthy to mention that the word black can be a misnomer for some of the Madonnas because not all of them are color black in its misprint sense, some of them are painted with different shades of black. The original artists of many Black Madonnas are lost in time but most people know that the most powerful representations of the Black Madonna were made during the 11th and 12th centuries .The Shrines of the Black Madonnas are often located in the seat of great power and in the locations where the earth emits energies. From a religious perspective, the Black Madonna represents the honor and devotion of the female form. Christ, the center of Christianity is a male and it was from Mary that the church found a exercise of the female specie towards divinity . Theories about the meaning of Black Madonna are often connected to the image of pre-Christian ideas and their religions.Because the Madonna and Child looks like the Egyptian images of Isis and Horus, there is a possibility that the dark skin of the Black Madonnas may be a referene to the Egyptian roots of the image. The Dark-Skinned madoonas may likewise be based on other pre-Christian determines. There are also other theories that the Black Madonnas were made as a representation of a mother or a feminine figure by using earthly tones. This scheme suggests that the light-skinned Madonnas depict purity and excell ence while another theory holds that the Black Madonnas were intended to bea historically accurate imageof a Semitic woman from the Middle eastward named Mary.There are some historians who said that the Black Madonnas were conceptualized after Middle Ages because during these times, the light-skinned images were the norm but regardless of what the case maybe, the Black Madonnas captured the attention of believers and non-believers for centuries . During the Victorian society, there was a time when the black female writers seemed to race towards binding their female characters in an image of chastity because they want to overcomea heritage of concubinage.The women whence were portrayed as either a martyr or a saint and in the attempt of the writers such as Harriet Jacobs and Frances Harper to remove the stereotype of a sinful woman, they robbed the personalities of their characters of their sexual identity thereby makingthem pure and holy much like the Virgin Mary. This situation combined with the sex activity dilemma becomes a double jeopardy. agree to Faith Pullin, the black woman faces a painful situation of the double manikin of being a woman in a dominant male society and being black amidst the racial discrimination.Novels about the early African American women negotiation abou the situation of double jeopardy for black women. These women are marginalized by race and gender. agree to the notions of the period during that time, the true woman is a character of virtue like Madonna pure, pious and submissive . Some theologians say that Black Madonna represents diversity. The femininity and the blackness of the Black Madonna calls men towards gender and racial diversity. This figure calls for uniformity of the masculine and feminine sex, the combination of the white and the dark goddess in order for the wholeness and sensation can arise amidst the diversity.The Black Madonna may be interpreted as a symbolism of man in the form of a metaphor as men m oves towards the newreality of the modern wornd. The survival of men in this age will play on their willingness to appreciate and understand the agreement amidst the diversity . Conclusion There are plenty of images of Black Madonna that follow worldwide. Reports showthat at one time, there may have been more than 500 images that are mostly in Europe and France. In todays world, there are many people whose interest in the Black Madonnas have increased over the years.Some of her most popular incarnations are found in countries from all over the globe in the form of literature, art and paintings. The Black Madonna may mean many things to many people but everyone must bear in mind that this image serves as a powerful reminder of the inspiration that it brought to the society. In her image, many people found their comforter, pull out and power. She has been and always will be the feminine side of men that will never fail to shed light during arduous times. Bibliography Davies, Norm an. Europe a history. Oxford Oxford University Press, 1996.Dickson, Elinor, Woodman, Marion. Dancing in the Flames The Dark Goddess in the Transformation of Consciousness. Toronto Canada Publishing, 1996. Faqs. org. Madonna, spiritual. Faqs. org. http//www. faqs. org/childhood/Ke- Me/ Madonna-Religious. html (Accessed May 6, 2010). Foster, Nikki. What is Black Madonna? . WiseGeek. com. http//www. wisegeek. com/ what-is-a-black-madonna. htm (Accessed May 6, 2010). Gustafson, Fred. The Black Madonna. regular army Daion Verdag, 2008. Kaiser, Laurie. The Black Madonna Notions of True cleaning lady from Jacobs to Hurston. South Atlantic Review, 2008, 60 (), 97-09.