Two Notable Ninth Amendment Supreme Court Cases

American Samoa s Impact On American Culture Essay

American Samoa is an island that is located below the equator within the South Pacific Region. Its â€Å"Economic activity is strongly linked to the US with which American Samoa conducts most of its commerce.†(American Samoa Economy, 2016) American Samoa is a territory of the United States of America, and due to its location it is highly costly to import goods of any kind. All vehicle in American Samoa are either imported from the United States or Japan due to several reasons. Foremost, American Samoa imports vehicles whose steering wheel is installed on the left side of the vehicle. Secondly, all vehicles in American Samoa are designed to drive on the same side of the road equivalent to the USA. Various islands in the South Pacific carries vehicle where the steering wheel is on the opposite side and also drives on the opposite side of the road. There are no vehicle manufacturing in American Samoa hence, the reason why all vehicles are imported. There are several local busines s’s that sells each vehicle brand names, they are: 1. ASCO Motors : Toyota distributor 2. Samoa Motors : Ford Distributor 3. K.S Inc : Chevrolet 4. Halecks motors : Nissam Several other local dealer’s deal mainly with sales of used vehicles and rentals. I have chosen to write about ASCO Motors: Toyota Tsusho (American Samoa) because â€Å"Asco Motors is one of the longest established businesses in the region, fully supporting the Toyota, Yamaha and Avis brands.†(ASCO, 2016) ABOUT ASCO MOTORS: â€Å"Toyota TsushoShow MoreRelatedWhat I Am My Life1120 Words   |  5 Pagescontinue their tradition, and I believe it s a beautiful thing. I am a very cultural person and am proud of who I am. My ethnicitys make me who I am and I feel very proud to be what I am and grateful for the lifestyle I have. I believe growing up in an ethnicity your proud of, you cherish it and choose to embrace it. 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I will aim to inform you on the build up of the cyclone, how it affected the islands when it hit in 1991, and the aftermath of the cyclone which continues long after the cyclone has hit, just like many other cyclone to have struck the Pacific. Samoa, which is located in Polynesia, is a group of high islands, consisting of two major nations : Western Samoa, and American Samoa. In addition to this, Western Samoa, which is the larger of the twoRead MoreAdolescence as a Time of Storm and Stress1386 Words   |  6 Pages suggested that adolescence is a time of personal ‘storm and stress’ during which the child must experience the turbulent history of the human r ace in order to reach maturity. This was very influential in later psychological research and popular culture. 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They see that consumer always attract with their culture oriented place. Because in case study we see that in most of the Disneyland they try to focus as per the area or their cultural values. So for that they apply different strategies for increasing their business in non-american markets of the disney. For example In early stage of Disney opening in Paris, we find that Disney was accused of ignoring French culture and criticised for exporting American imperialismRead MoreBiological Sex, Gender, And Sexuality1192 Words   |  5 Pagesplay rough or stereotypically boys’ games, can be diagnosed with GIDC, in this manner increasing the false-positive estimate of the diagnosis. Homosexual is either someone sexually attracted to members of one s own sex or relating to sexual desire or behavior directed toward members of one s own sex. A term which attributes to individuals or groups, who regard as a problem the hegemonic concept of sex, gender and desire in an accustomed society is genderqueer. These people are known to obtain anRead MoreThe Utilitarian Philosophy Of Human Existence Individuals And Societies Have Made Decisions That Are Ethical And Moral Decisions2165 Words   |  9 Pagespleasure rather than pain. After Jeremy’s death, John Mill continued his belief that acts were determined by pleasure rather than pain. This way of thinking became known as Utilitarianism. Immanuel Kant was an eighteenth century philosopher who had an impact on many different areas of philosophy (McCormick, n.d.). Kant was influential in metaphysics, epistemology, ethics and aesthetics. In the realm of ethics, Kant believed that it was an individual’s duty to act morally. This was in stark contrast toRead MoreTok Pisin. Tok Pisin, One Of The Official National Languages1672 Words   |  7 Pagessomeone s second language. When a kid is raised and now that pidgin is their first language, the language is now known as creole (Smith 2002). Present day Hawaiian Creole English speakers and others in Hawaii refer to the language as simply â€Å"pidgin† (Balinbin 2010). The history of Tok Pisin and Hawaiian Creole English are similar. Tok Pisin is one of three major pidgin languages in Melanesia(Smith 2002). Within Melanesia, Tok Pisin is mostly used in Papua New Guinea. In the early 1800’s, EuropeansRead MoreMargaret Mead : A Psychological Study Of Primitive Youth For Western Civilization2311 Words   |  10 PagesUniversity of Pennsylvania economist, and Emily Fogg, a sociologist, social reformer, and a social scientist. Mead’s education included collecting data for observation and documenting. Mead s early experimental training aids to explain why she became one of the eminent women scientists of her time. Mead s course can be practically divided into two stages--before World War II, when she earned her baccalaureate degrees and managed more than twenty expeditions in the South Pacific, and later in the

Emersons Philosofy Essay Example For Students

Emersons Philosofy Essay Ralph Waldo Emerson, nineteenth century poet and writer, expresses a philosophy of life, based on our inner self and the presence of the soul. Emerson regarded and learned from the great minds of the past, he says repeatedly that each person should live according to his own thinking. I will try to explain Emersons philosophy, according to what I think he is the central theme in all his works. Do not seek answers outside yourself This is the main idea of Waldos philosophy. He thinks that a man should learn to express himself. Being yourself will help you to solve the problems of your life. We need to trust ourselves in order to improve our life, like all great men have done. Self-reliance stems from within deep in our soul which is the pillar of our personal power and self-respect. This source of all greatness, sets us free form the ego and helps us to transcend through the ideals of love, truth and justice; some people call this the moral sense. The soul cannot be completely defined or described but it is the only thing we can be absolutely sure of, since all other facts are temporary. Being ourselves allows us to obtain many more answers and to understand our unconscious intentions. Humans may exceed their limited ideas by realizing that God does exists and that in Him, we will find many answers if we open ourselves to Him. The soul is the creative essence, while all of creation, including art which is human unity with natural things, is said to as Nature. In Nature the soul sees the picture of its own pure essence manifest, seeing beauty, truth, and justice in its laws. Nature in life teaches the understanding, is a practicing for the intellect in learning how to deal with lifes problems. From Emersons transcendental (a word I had to learn its meaning in order to understand Waldos theory) view the natural figures are also symbols of spirituals facts or philosophy. That by interacting with nature people learn not only what is practical but also what is good; for Emerson the nature and the soul are perfectly complementary. Waldo says that is good to learn from the books as long as the reader keeps his creativity and way of thinking; that by practical experience we learn quickly and well. A man should learn to detect and watch that gleam of light which flashes across his mind from with in, more than the lustre of the firmament of bards and sages.He tries to makes us realize our own virtues by calling our internal means, thats the way to answers to many questions, and even answers for the question we havent even shape. To keep the integrity of ones internal evolution. When people begin to realize that autonomy and the expression of your thoughts is right for them, then many good changes will happen in society. Emersons, not only poems, leads the facts of extended view of progressive learning, but also offers insights into age-old or natural method as better than new technology based on experimentation. In many of his poems he compares the beauty of the nature, and expresses, with nature and natural process we can find the answers to all challenges.

Elevator History Essay Research Paper An elevator free essay sample

Elevator History Essay, Research Paper An lift is a mechanism for traveling people and cargo from degree to level in a edifice or any other construction. The first elevator-like construction was built in 236 BC by the Archimeds. This building was a hoist operated by ropes and blocks. However, the foremost matter-of-fact lift was non developed until the nineteenth century. Though reasonable, this lift has been modified many times throughout the class of history and is still updated with all of the new promotions in math and engineering. From the start of the production of lifts through today, there have been legion and boundless betterments made on their construction and how they operate: all due to the promotion of mathematics and engineering. The first lift developed was known as a manual lift. This system of lifts used relay logic. Relay logic was a simple wiring based on circuits. This type of lift did non reassign people from one degree to another, merely lading. The 2nd type of lifts was developed in the 1800s. These lifts were powered by steam. At first, these lifts were used entirely to transport cargo in mills and ore in mines. Unfortunately, these lifts required a safety device to keep the lift from dropping if it s back uping overseas telegram broke, and this had non been invented yet. Finally, this necessity was discerned and acted upon. In 1852, Elisha Graves Otis designed the first safety appliance for lifts. This device was a system affecting spring-operated Cams that affianced the usher rails in the lift shaft when the overseas telegram broke. This secured the lift from lessening which enabled steam powered lifts to be used for transporting people along with lading. This new usage was caused by the safeguards taken in bettering the safety of steam powered lifts. It was foremost used for people in 1857 in New York s ain Haughwout section shop. This building was driven by steam power: unlike the manual lift it had the capableness of transporting people from floor to floor. Though this was a major elaboration in the fabrication of lifts, engineering and mathematics were still bettering leting for even more types of ameliorated lifts to take the topographic point of those already produced. As mathematics advanced, the 3rd type of lifts was formulated. This being the hydraulic lift was the first practical lift with gloss to those of today s clip. The construct of fluid mechanicss is slightly based on Pascal s Law. This stated that force per unit area exerted upon a liquid is transmitted in all waies at the same magnitude. This was theorized sometime in the mid-17th century yet it s capableness of progressing and explicating engineering was non to the full accredited until the nineteenth century when hydraulic lifts were foremost introduced. Hydraulic lifts were used between 1857 and 1889. Operated by agencies of a perpendicular speculator, this lift traveled up and down a cylinder forcing and take downing the auto above it. The perpendicular speculator was reallocated by liquid under force per unit area. A hand-driven pump ( hydraulic doodly-squat ) created this force per unit area. The basic thought behind any hydraulic system is inordinately simple. Any force that is applied at one point is moved to another point utilizing an incompressible fluid ( either oil or H2O ) while the force is often multiplied in the procedure. The fluid used was most frequently oil. Oil was preferred over H2O because of its shielding and lubricating behaviour, and in the instance of mineral oil, its low coherency. Though the popular usage of hydraulic lifts ended in 1889, they are still used in prewar edifices. Furthermore, they are soon utilized in transporting certain heavy multitudes. Electrically driven lifts were devised before their initial commercial application in 1889. This presentation took topographic point in one of New York s finest edifices, the Demarest. For the first clip in all history, an electrically goaded lift was installed for the use of the populace. This genre of lift was operated by an electric motor. This motor drove a weaving membranophone in the cellar of the edifice. Following this, important promotions came approximately in 1894 and so another in 1895. First, in 1894, push-button controls were introduced. Like modern eleva tors, this innovation suffered people to merely force the button of the floor they were traveling to alternatively of holding to utilize a lever to find the floor ( by forcing it left or right for down and the antonym for up ) . The 2nd innovation ( 1895 ) was that of a hoisting setup. This device was ascertained in England. It s intent was to do the move of the overseas telegram membranophone to the top of the shaft possible, therefore taking to higher shafts in taller edifices. This mechanism applied electric power to a block at the top of the shaft. This caused the weight of the auto and counterbalances to guarantee grip ; doing its original intent imaginable. This patterned advance, along with that of the push-button controls were cardinal introductory elements for many fictions to come. In 1915, eleven old ages after the push-button controls, the first automatic system of commanding the lift s finish was applied. This system was called automatic auto grading. In this system, the control took over at each floor enabling the lift to halt uniformly with the floor degree. Soon after, the lift doors besides evolved. Their upgrading was due to an automatic system every bit good. However alternatively of modulating where the lift would discontinue its acclivity or descent, this automatic system artlessly controlled the gap and shutting of the lift doors at its preset floor. With all of these preferments, lift industries wanted to happen a manner of taking up less infinite while still taking advantage of all that has been accomplished throughout clip. In an effort to minimise the infinite taken by lift shafts in a edifice, the double-deck lift was constructed in 1932. Although this promotion was advanced and deserving of application, the double-deck lift was non used extensively until 1971. This lift s celebrated rejoinder was its installing into Chicago s salient Time-Life edifice ( 1971 ) . By this clip, lifts had immensely ameliorated, but there was still room for betterment. The following and most recent type of lift was developed in the twentieth century. The term constantly associated with this lift is automatic, hence its name ( Automatic Elevator ) . With this lift came the debut of a system called the solid province. This system works through computing machine french friess that are based on mathematics. The overseas telegram hoisted automatic lifts used today go up and down in a shaft. On each floor, the shafts have doors that open within. Above the lift shaft is a peculiarly important room that controls most of the lift s map. This room embodies an electric motor which administrates the of import responsibilities of an lift. This motor controls velocity, fillet, get downing, and change by reversaling. The steel overseas telegrams that uphold the auto are looped around a membranophone appended to the drive motor. As the capacity in the auto additions, the clasp that the overseas telegrams have on the membranophone go more tight. The bulk of contemporary lifts possess both interior and outer doors. To foster the safety of these lifts, they will run merely if both sets of doors are shut. In about all edifices, lifts contain photoelectric dispositions. These devices are used to maintain the doors from shuting while riders are come ining and go outing. These lifts are used all over the universe and have proved themselves to be a phenomenal ascent in the lift industry. From being operated by a manual or steam-powered device, to being lifted by overseas telegrams, lifts have proved in their ain promotions the noteworthy advancement of math and engineering. Based on the facts antecedently stated, one can detect that lifts have come imposingly far since the thought of a building to travel people and things from one degree to another came approximately. In a mere 250 old ages, people have gone from physically walking up a stairway to being lifted by a mechanical setup. Year after twelvemonth, systems have been technologically and mathematically amended to bring forth today s automatic lift. With each betterment, whether little or huge, lifts have become safer, easier to run, and quicker. If the contemporary lift was taken apart and compared to the first ( or back ) type of lift, it would be apparent what the patterned advance of mathematics and engineering have allowed us to carry through.

Timeline Three Hundred Years of American Mass Media. free essay sample

When newspapers were the most likely form of mass media, there were hundreds of newspapers In circulation In the US, with a did selection of editorial perspectives and appealing to all kinds of audiences. Recently television has supplanted newspapers as the source of news for most people. 1704: The first regularly published newspaper in the America, The Boston News-Letter, appeared In 1704. The paper contained obituaries and schedules of ship arrivals. Many newspapers filled their pages with sermons, literary works, and philosophical pieces, as well as advertisements.One example, the Pennsylvania Gazette. In 1784, Philadelphia had the first daily newspaper in the United States, the Pennsylvania Packet. Newspapers played an important role In politics after the Revolutionary War. The Federalist Papers, written mainly by James Madison and Alexander Hamilton supporting the ratification of the Constitution. Writing under the name Publics, Madison and Hamilton helped to persuade public opinion In favor of ratification in New York and Virginia. We will write a custom essay sample on Timeline: Three Hundred Years of American Mass Media. or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the sass Changes In printing press technology. Embodied with the decision to attract a working-class audience, allowed publishers to sell their newspapers to reduce prices from six cents to one penny, The first of the penny press, appeared In 1833. Newspaper readership in the 19th century because of the population expansion, the Invention of the telegraph, the growing availability of electricity, and the increased use of sensational journalism. 1920: In the sass, inventors and entrepreneurs made advances in wireless communication using radio waves. -In 1902, transmitting speech and music over the air was demonstrated, building radio transmitters and receivers became a hobby.In 1912, the government required amateur radio operators to have a license. In 1920, the first broadcasting stations licensed for commercial purposes went on the air. In 1922-23 the number of radio stations increased from 30 to 556. The largest radio manufacturer, RCA, sold $85 million worth of radios over three years. By 1930, after the NBC and CBS radio networks were established,US businesses were spending a total of $40 million to advertise their products and services on radio. The sass the golden age of radio, was an inexpensive form of entertainment for millions of Americans coping with the depression.President Roosevelt used the radio to promote his New Deal agenda and to calm a worried nation. After World War II, television became increasingly popular. The invention of transistor technology and headphones allowed radios to become portable, unlike the TV sets. Across the country, programming produced by National I OFF coverage and analysis not found on most other stations. Today, radio remains a popular source not only of entertainment but also of news. 1939: The first commercial television stations went on the air in 1939, marking the beginning of the television industry;World War II interrupted the development of television. Five years later, that number had risen to 12 million households with a TV. Now, 99 percent of U. S. Households have at least if not two or three. In the ass and ass, television broadcasting was dominated by three giant companies, NBC, CBS, and BBC. Other than the occasional independent UHF channel, there were three channels to watch. In 1969, the PBS began operation, providing educational, public-interest programming on a noncommercial basis. Expansive growth of cable TV boomed in the ass and ass. The invention of Vicars and the widespread availability of movies on videocassettes offered viewers more alternatives to network programming.Citizens disagree about the political, economic, and social effects of the concentration of mass Edie ownership. Although some see gains in efficiency and increasing diversity of media content, others see potential problems. 1948: The beginnings of cable TV can be traced to 1948 in Tuckering, Arkansas. Davidson was frustrated by an inability to get clear reception. He placed a 100-foot tower atop a two-story building and connected it using coaxial cable to television sets in his store. Within a few years, cable television systems had been constructed across the country, serving thousands of subscribers.In 1963 threatened by competition from cable, broadcasting networks successfully lobbied to increase government regulation of the cable industry. Len the sass, cable TV experienced a surge due to technological advances and the partial deregulation of the cable industry by the government. Later, it bounced its signal off satellites that blanketed the US and reached thousands of additional subscribers at greatly reduced cost. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 was designed to break down any remaining barriers to competition in the telecommunications industry and to allow more companies to participate.However, this legislation resulted in the increased corporate concentration discussed in the previous segment. Even though many new stations emerged, the cable industry has not escaped. 1962: In 1962, the first communications satellite, Telltales, was launched. In 1976, television programming was delivered by satellite. There have been two important consequences of satellite technology. Satellite technology offers the opportunity for over 1 ,300 local stations to enlarge their audience and Instant transmission of news from around the globe.A powerful example of the use of satellite transmission to revolutionize news and lattice coverage was in the 1999 Elian Gonzales story. Elian Gonzales was rescued from the sea by the U. S. Coast Guard after the boat failed to withstand the journey from Cuba to the US. A custody battle between Élans relatives in Miami and his father in Cuba. The story not only generated intensive news coverage but also created diplomatic tensions between the United States and Cuba. When a U. S. Court eventually ordered the boy to be returned to the custody of his father, Élans Miami relatives refused to cooperate.In response, the lawyer representing Élans father Ovid to quickly release a second photo of Elian in a happy embrace after he was reunited with his father, to counter the negative public opinion generated by the first image, then many people felt he was were he belonged. Up four computer network codes on university campuses and established Advanced Research Projects Agency Net. The World Wide Web has affected countless aspects of American society, including the way in which we obtain and analyze political information. In a 2006 survey, roughly 1 in 3 Americans use the Internet as their primary source of news, compared to 1 in 50 in 1996.Citizens can obtain candidate roofless and analysis of candidate issue positions or even send a quick e-mail. Because it allows easy entry the Internet has the potential to increase concentration. The World Wide Web can serve as a truly demonstrating force, providing ordinary citizens with the capacity to take a greater role in the political process. Yet, this demonstrating potential may not be achieved because the rapid increase in the number of Web sites it also makes it easier for those not very interested in politics to completely avoid news about public affairs. 007: The increases ownership of the mass media has given rise to a debate grading the social, political, and economic effects of this trend. Some people argue that, with the advent of the World Wide Web, the diversity of information that all of the forms of popular media pose little threat to the health of the democratic process. Others think that the growing power of the media giants will undermine the democratic nature of the American political system. Ben Franklin: a polymath, who knew five languages, and was born in Massachusetts. He was a founding father, who opposed slavery and played major roles in scientific discoveries.

Enzymes Essays - Digestive System, Metabolism, Hydrolases, Lipase

Enzymes Essays - Digestive System, Metabolism, Hydrolases, Lipase Experiment 12. The action of lipase There are three or four liquids to be added to each test-tube, in various combinations, so look at the table at the foot of this page to get an idea of the final contents of each tube. (a) Label three test-tubes 1-3. (b) Using a graduated pipette or syringe, place 5 cm3 milk in each tube. (c) Rinse the pipette or syringe and use it to place 7 cm3 dilute (M/I0) sodium carbonate solution in each tube. This solution is to make the mixture alkaline. (d) Rinse the pipette or syringe and use it to place 1 cm3 3% bile salts solution in tubes 2 and 3 only. (e) Use a dropping pipette to add phenolphthalein solution to each tube until the contents are bright pink. About six drops will be sufficient and equal quantities should be added to each tube. Phenolphthalein is a pH indicator. In alkaline solutions (above pH10) it is pink; in 'acid' solutions (below pH 8.3) it is colourless. (f) In a spare test-tube, place about 15 mm of 5% lipase solution and, using a test-tube holder, heat the liquid over a small Bunsen flame until it boils for a few seconds. Cool the tube under the tap and, using the graduated pipette or syringe, transfer 1 cm3 of the boiled liquid to tube 2. (g) With the graduated pipette or syringe, place 1 cm3 unboiled lipase solution in tubes 1 and 3. (h) Note the time. Shake the tubes to mix the contents, return them to the rack and copy the table below into your notebook, observing the tubes from time to time. (i) Note the time required for the contents of each tube to go white and then complete the table of results. Action of lipase on milk TubeAll three tubes contain milk, sodium carbonate and phenolphthalein plus:Time taken to change from pink to white 1lipase only 2boiled lipase and bile salts 3lipase and bile salts Experiment 12. Discussion 1 What food substances are present in milk? 2 If phenolphthalein changes from pink to colourless, what kind of chemical change must have taken place in the tube? 3 Recall (or look up) the final products of digestion of the principal classes of food and write down which of these products could be formed by the digestion of milk. 4 Which of the final products of digestion of milk could be responsible for the change of conditions in the test-tube? 5 Which part of the experiment suggests that lipase acts as an enzyme? 6 What chemical change could the lipase be producing which would account for the colour change in the test-tubes? 7 Which part of the experiment indicates that bile salts do not contain an enzyme which affects milk (at least in the way being investigated here)? Explain your reasoning. 8 From the results, assuming that lipase is an enzyme, what part do the bile salts appear to be playing in the reaction (in general terms)? 9 Do the results tell you whether lipase is acting on the fat or the protein in milk? Explain. Experiment 12. The action of lipase - preparation Outline Lipase hydrolyses the fat in milk to fatty acids which react with sodium carbonate to lower the pH of the mixture. This pH change is observed by using phenolphthalein. Prior knowledge The use of indicators to observe pH changes; the final digestion products of proteins, carbohydrates and fats. Advance preparation and materials - per group milk 20 cm3 phenolphthalein 5 cm3 [1] 3% bile salts 10 cm3 [2] 5% lipase solution 10 cm3 [3] 0.05M sodium carbonate 40 cm3 Apparatus - per group test-tube rack and 4 test-tubesBunsen burner 3 labels or spirit markertest-tube holder, dropping pipettebeaker or jar (for rinsing pipette or syringe) graduated pipette or syringe 10 cm3 - per class clock Results Tubes 1 and 3 will probably change from pink to white in about 4 minutes. However, since the efficacy of lipase varies, it is advisable to try out the experiment (for tube 3 only) beforehand and, if the reaction is too slow, reduce the volume of sodium carbonate solution or place the tubes in a water bath at 35C. 1. 1 g dissolved in 200 cm3 ethanol. 2. Available as sodium tauroglycocholate

HOW CAN A BUSINESS DEMONSTRATE ITS RESPONSIBILITIES TODAY Assignment

HOW CAN A BUSINESS DEMONSTRATE ITS RESPONSIBILITIES TODAY - Assignment Example The essay "HOW CAN A BUSINESS DEMONSTRATE ITS RESPONSIBILITIES TODAY " analyzes demonstrating the responsibilities of business in the fashion retailing in Europe. Firms hold a lot of authority and power in the social and national economy. They have lot of investments, assets and millions of cash for social programs. Some companies invest in corporate responsibility but most of them devote their time and wealth for environment sustainable growth, social welfare programs to benefit colleagues, customers, employees and the whole community at large. In this paper, the issues of CSR, its best practices and importance for this sector will be evaluated and necessary recommendations will be provided. Fashion retailing is a concept in which business skills and creativity is being combined to market, display and sell fashion in different areas. Its main objective is to satisfy and meet the consumer needs from time to time and accordingly increase sales. This can only be possible if awareness i s maintained throughout the time, to keep learning the new style, to launch and promote various campaigns at various places. The top fashion and clothing retailers in Europe are H&M, Arcadia, Inditex, Benetton, Marks & Spencer, Esprit, C&A, Debenhams, Primark, Next. There are more than 2150 fashion retailers in Europe. Brands like Abercrombie & Fitch, Hollister, Forever 21, Uniqlo excites European consumers mind and heart. Europe’s fashion industry is running by the brands named Inditex group, Dutch Company C&A.

Human Resource Management in an Organization Essay

Human Resource Management in an Organization - Essay Example As such, the organization most of the time decides to outsource these services from other organizations which can offer the service(s) required more efficiently. Other organizations outsource so seriously that they end up co-opting the organization as part of itself thereby creating what is generally termed as the virtual network structure. This paper seeks to highlight the concept of co-opting, outsourcing and virtual network structure. It also explains why virtual network structure is a good structural alternative for some firms and by using one organization as an example, the benefits and limitations of the virtual network structure are evaluated. Outsourcing refers to the transfer of some organizational functions to an external service provider. This kind of arrangement is contractual and it happens between the organization and the supplier of the services that the organization requires. Mostly, the supplier of services through the contract is able to use the means of production it already owns. These means of production may be in form of assets, equipment and personnel among others. For the entire period of the contract, the organization is able to procure the required services from the contracted service provider. It is important to note that outsourcing can be done for a number of services. These services include but are not limited to human resource, estate management, accounting, information technology and auditing among others. Other outsourced services also include customer care or service telemarketing, designing and/or manufacturing and market research among others. The decision to outsource is preceded by a number of cost considerations among other considerations. Usually, the organization has to decide whether to outsource a given service or organizational function or conduct it in-house. It is important to note that the decision to outsource is a strategic level decision and as such requires the approval of the board of directors. The process of outsourcing usually begins after the decision is made after which the organization analyzes the in-house as compared to the buying of the services in terms of cost, efficiency, effectiveness, performance, quality etc in a bid to justify the decision of outsourcing (Chopra & Meindl, 2007: pp123-127). The complexity of the outsourcing process calls for the use of outsourcing consultants or intermediaries who not only help with the scoping but also with the legal terms and conditions, pricing and evaluating the vendors offering the required service(s). Outsourcing has been around for some time now and is as old as specialization itself but in the recent years most companies have embraced outsourcing so as to handle most narrow functions e.g. data entry billing and payroll among other organizational functions. Outsourcing of these functions is done because the contracted organizations can perform the functions more efficiently than when the functions could have been done in-house. Outsourcing of these functions is more often than not more cost effective than the opposite of it because the contracted companies have all the facilities, assets, specially trained human resource and special tools for the functions they have been contracted to carry out. Most of the times outsourcing is sought, it ends up being a success albeit this is not always the case. The success is

The Story of an Hour (short story) Research Paper

The Story of an Hour (short story) - Research Paper Example It is only when she retires to her room that the reader realizes the state of the mixed emotions of Mrs. Millard, as she feels both joy and sorrow at the death of her husband. One can infer that she had not been treated well by her husband because trivial misunderstandings do not cause one to rejoice in someone’s death. For the death of a person to cause someone such bliss the reason must be substantial. Later on when Mrs. Millard finds out that her husband is actually alive, she is unable to endure the news and instantly passes away. The plot of the story is very engaging and resonates with the reader on some level. The mood of the story is not the ordinary way in which the story of someone’s death is told; that is the tone of the story sways from sorrow to joy and back again to sorrow. A particular point of interest in the story is when Mrs. Mallard retires into her room and confides in nature as opposed to her sister (Chopin 40). I feel this shows us the conflict between human beings and the social stigmas that exist in the society due to which even though Mrs. Millard felt plagued by her husband she still could not share her happiness over the much anticipated freedom which she finally could see coming. At that point it is revealed to the reader that Mrs. Millard is actually happy about her husband’s death, which twists the perspective by which the reader perceives the story. Later in the story, Mrs. Millard’s sister tries to get her out of her room thinking that she will fall sick alone. At that point, Chopin makes use of dramatic irony because the fact that Mrs. Millar d is happy is known to the reader but not to the character of Mrs. Millard’s sister (Prentice Hall 47). There has been extensive use of imagery in the story, particularly when Mrs. Millard is sitting by the window and certain elements of nature are described: â€Å"But she felt it, creeping out of the sky, reaching toward her through the

Executive Summary Of The 3 Idiots Movie Media Essay

Executive Summary Of The 3 Idiots Movie Media Essay 3 idiots, the movie made it a fashion for people to say All izz Well in any kind of situation, whether truly a problem or not. But as Aamir Khan says in the movie: it gives you faith in yourself to face the situation in a more confident manner. Crisis has always been a part of the world. Everyday, accidents and disasters make the news headlines. It is vital that the potential damage is limited by providing clear messages to the public and media. Crisis could be at any level, but it affects all individuals. According to the 6 degrees of separation theory, we are only 6 links away from being connected to any person in the world. So any kind of crisis can snowball into something that affects you. What we have focused upon are some national level crisis, some organizational level crisis and personal level crisis. In these we have taken cases of the terrorist attacks in Mumbai, The Satyam Scam, The fall of Lehmann Brothers and Winston Churchill and his crisis communication. The terrorist attacks have been one of the most disturbing times for modern India. However it is important to see how the parties affected: the government, the people, the expatriates; how did they communicated between themselves and what was the message thus delivered. The Satyam scam took the corporate India by surprise. No one had anticipated that a good, and respectable company like Satyam could have such a level of fraud going on at the senior management level. It was important that internally it be communicated that the employees (most of them) had little to do with the scam and are as surprised by the revelations as the world was. To the world, it was to be communicated that India is not a country where this is the norm and we do take business seriously. Adequate enquiry and restructuring was done to ensure that. The fall of Lehman brothers marked an important period in recent history. It was an indicative fall. The world was already staring in the face of a downturn. It was a signal that the crisis has only worsened when Lehman brothers declared bankruptcy. It was like a final nail in the coffin and the world did accept the reality that yes, we are in trouble and lots of it! It was important here that the governments be extremely cautious with their words. People are one step short of hitting the panic button and it is the governments duty to ensure that it is communicated to them that even if such iconic institutions are at huge risk, the people shall have minimal damage. Some part will definitely be affected, but not all. On a personal level crisis, it could be getting a divorce or unemployment or for teenagers, it could even be peer pressure. It is also a secondary level of crisis where one of the national or organizational level crisis results into a personal level problem. What we have taken here are cases of David Letterman and Tiger Woods, celebrities whose personal crisis was for the world to witness. Crises are an important part of life. They help us identify the weak links in the system and correct itself for future. A crisis can be turned into an opportunity if the paradigm is unconventional and the communication is clear. It is upon us as to how do we make the best use of the resources at disposal. Contents Sr. No. Topic Page No. 1. Introduction 5 2. When Terror strikes 6 3. The Satyam Saga 10 4. Big Brothers in deep trouble 13 5. Am I OK!?!? 16 6. To V-E Day- Winston Churchill 19 7. Conclusion 23 8. References 24 Introduction According to Murphys Law whatever can go wrong, will go wrong (or whatever can go wrong, will go wrong, and at the worst possible time, in the worst possible way). Mr. Murphy certainly didnt envision himself being the face of all the tongue-in-cheek truths that we put across in his name. But that law sums up most crises. It is essentially things going wrong. While all crisis are unique, the method of handling each one of them is also different. But what connects them is the fact that communication is an integral part of all these crises. Senior management and leaders within companies, organizations and governments embroiled in a crisis have leart the hard way what happens when the unthinkable becomes reality. These crises are then made public and are often grossly exaggerated by the media. The fact that we live in the age of transparency and the Internet, no one and nothing is immune to crisis. We identified crisis on three levels: National level crisis: These include natural disasters, wars, terrorist attacks, and other crisis of this scale. These disasters affect the nation as a whole and are nation wide effects. We have taken terrorist attacks and Winston Churchill and his communication tactics during the WWII as the examples for national level crisis. Organisational level crisis: These are the crisis that affect organizations internally and the outside world too. It could happen in any industry or field. We have chosen two examples namely Satyam and Lehman brothers as a case in point. Personal level crisis: Personal crisis are a part of each and every persons life. Celebrities are people whose personal life falls in the public domain. David Letterman and Tiger Woods are the cases we have picked up from recent past. Their crisis was made public and the world learnt lessons. When terror strikesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Crisis communication is at times considered as the branch of PR that is mainly designed to defend and protect the reputation, dignity and the self respect of and individual, government or an organization. This may come in either form like economic crisis, natural disaster, inquiry by the government or the terrorist attacks on the country. Now, India is a country whos almost all the sides are surrounded by some or the other attacks made on the people and the government officials. But history proves that some of the worst and the worst attacks happen from the Maoists and from the Islamic terrorist groups in Pakistan. Right from the partition, there have been multiple wars or terrorist attacks done on India. The other way, India is a country with more than 100 crore of population. So, even a small attack has a capability to create a greater impact killing quite a huge number of people. And the role of media and the government is highly important during these attacks because, people are kept away from the proximity and hence the only source of information from them is the media reporters and government officials. So the situation can be judged as the crisis situation and the communication to be made to the public is very crucial. There have been multiple attacks like akshardham attack, Mumbai train attacks and the most recent, Taj Mahal hotel attack. A large part of crisis communication is the prevention of situations before they escalate to full-blown crises. For example, the communication was very badly handled by the government and the media during the Taj Mahal attack. Media was just involved in minting money without thinking that their communication strategy is indirectly harming the country and the emotions of the countrymen. While good crisis communication is useless without a good response, bad communication can cause a needless loss of lives. Take, for example, the time when news channels reported that the Nariman House siege was over, and thousands rushed onto the street in a spontaneous outpouring of relief. They did this because they saw a RAF officer signal a thumbs up on the roof of the building. It turned out that the siege was not over, and the army had to take a loudspeaker onto the street in an attempt ultimately in vain to disperse the mob. Imagine if someone had been hurt subsequently. It would have been a direct result of faulty lines of communication between the responders and the media. Also, whenever the terrorist attacks are going on and still all the terrorists are not killed, it should be noted that the basic form of communication which media should use is to avoid going into the depth of the news and still provide a sigh of relief to the people in brief. Whenever it goes into the depth of the events, it will give unnecessary information to the person who is controlling the terrorist operations and hence for that instant, he remains well informed on what is exactly happening there. So, this is the way, media should control the crisis communication during the attack. But, immediately, after the terrorists are killed and operation is declared over, the same government can give the whole news in detail. Thus, this way, government should realize the strategies of communicating even at the times of crisis. In the Mumbai terror attack the media was criticized for 3 most important reasons as far as the poor communication by them is concerned. 1) Why is it that they had to leak out the most sensitive information as a part of the news? It should remain sensitive till the time it is not going to affect the situation there. Some TV channels showed the positions of security forces stationed outside the buildings that were under siege, and some aired information about commandoes movements. That alarmed security officials: They worried that the information might reach the terrorists, who Indian authorities believe carried cellphones. 2) Media was more involved in covering Trident and Taj hotel, but it give very little information on what happened at CST. Whenever, the communication is being made, all essential information should have been passed and CST could have been the first thing they should have reported as any common man would not go to Taj but would surely remain at CST and hence the density of population there at any time would always be more than that at Taj. So, this was the lack of proper communication that prevented them from managing crisis. 3) Why is it that the media was involved in asking about the same situation to different police officials and the government? There was a wide-spread difference in opinions and information among all the information passed by every individual. It is very well understood that there should have been only 1 point of contact who could become the spokesperson and hence the only authority to report to the media. This could have created less discrepancy and hence only the authenticated information could have reached to the people. This is the model called Joint Information Centre where all the messages from different forces working to manage the crisis and only 1 appointed person is responsible to decide and speak out only the required information to the country. This might take some time to co-ordinate with all the departments, but once implemented, it can bring good clarity along with adequate security in every address to the country. As much as the media, government has also equal responsibility in handling the crisis communication effectively. It was observed at times that some parties did not forget to criticise not only the attack, but the ruling party, home minister, chief minister of the state and most importantly few people who lost their lives in this attack. Some rude politician immediately asked for the resignation of the home minister of the country, of the state and the chief minister of the state. Now, this crisis situation was not the time when communication should contain this type of communication. It should have been towards the concern for all those who lost their lives and purely the prayers for getting the operations ended at the earliest. This was the time when the country should have managed the communication showing unity and integrity. Everyone which includes the ruling as well as opposition parties to completely support the ethics of the country, the public and those trapped inside. The co mmunication could have been aimed at increasing the confidence and trust of the people on the government and not at increasing the vote banks by spitting out 4-5 sentences. The communication was mainly aimed at the countrymen, but the event as a whole was a major event to create its place in the history of terrorist attacks in the world. So, every communication by the government and the media was watched carefully by not only Indians but the world too. And hence, the communications should have been made to give a clear and strong message to the world that India still believes in Unity in Diversity. The Satyam Saga It has been more than a year since Mr. Ramalinga Raju confessed to orchestrating one of Indias biggest frauds. Still the crisis haunts the country and gives umpteen opportunities to learn from the situation. The scandal was scrutinized by media day in and day out. On one hand, shareholders and promoters were flabbergasted by this revelation. On the other hand the employees and internal staff were left in the lurch, not knowing what their future would be. How the company dealt with the crisis internally is an interesting story. Communication in such a crisis should become top priority for managers and the organization as a whole. In a crisis as that of Satyam the information can reach the employees faster from outside source than their managers. The crisis gets magnified when wrong information is gathered by employees. The managers cannot assume that employees already have all the information and that too the correct ones. It became important for the managers of Satyam to interact with his/her team on a daily basis and ease their tension. Satyam managers actually met their team hourly and several times a day. In a crisis every word heard is taken to be authentic information. It usually dissipates the organizational energy when the employees are trying to figure out what is fact and what is fiction. The efficiency of the work gets reduced, leading to sub standard or incomplete deliverables. Satyams strategy to communicate effectively was to use web television and turn their web communication expertise into a n emergency broadcast system. This they called the lights on strategy. The main focus of this strategy was to ensure that the employees have complete control over the information so that they are well informed and they dont end up making up things. In India communicating bad news has always been a tough job. Most people shirk away from communicating any bad news. They do not have the courage to look into the eye of their team and tell them that the news they have been getting from the outside world about their company is actually true. The senior management were confident enough in telling that there will not be any layoffs and they would be continuing to pay them the salaries. Since the situation was not very clear immediately, the managers had to talk about all the possibilities that could happen. Reassure the employees that the lights were still on and there will be some solution coming out soon. The government appointed a board and made the strategic decision of not laying off anyone till the organization was transferred to a new owner. Other companies started to lure the best employees of Satyam knowing that they will be available for a much lower pay given the extent of the crisis and the psychology the employees at that time. Since there was continuous communication from the management to employees, this made them feel belonged to the company. All the employees came forward to help the company come out of the crisis. They volunteered for pay cuts, did not protest against cut of variable pay and stood united in companys dark hour. Satyams consultants had always planned in preparing the employees to face the worst situation. Every team had a contingency plan for their deliverables in case of worst-case scenarios. For the safety of the employees the administration planned mock fire drills. Hence, during crisis the employees became their first priority. They setup a 24 hour helpline for counselling and guiding the employees. Employees were even given therapeutic help if needed. Web television was used extensively during these days. Meet the Board series was run for employees where the interview with every board member was telecasted. Employees could then send their questions to the board member. The management did not lose any time and tried to take as much control of the situation as possible. They kept all the stakeholders in the loop of their decision making. Communication had to be done not just to the employees, but also to the customers. They needed to be told that the company was still in business. This reassurance could be given mostly because of the excellent relations that the company had with its customers over the years. Satyam did not wait for the resolution of the crisis to serve its customers and clients. The projects that was underway continued to give its deliverables to the clients. They made sure that there was no break in the service. After the sale of stake to Mahindras was confirmed, the customers were spoken to again; this time to ask their feedback about how happy they would be to continue their ties with newly formed Mahindra Satyam. Many of them having heard of Mahindra, its reputation and its financial strength had confidence to continue their ties. This happened because of the perpetual communication that the management of Satyam had with their clients. It is always essential to communicate the right message, to t he right person, by the right authority and at the right time. The shareholders were also a worried lot. The day Satyams Chairman B Ramalinga Raju resigned as a result of the fraud, the stock prices fell by 70% to an all time low of Rs 58. There was a panic selling of a sort where nearly 13 crore shares had changed hands within an hour. Declining stock prices are always an indicator of the declining reputation of the company. The management needs to constantly keep in touch with the investors, be open to financial analysts and the media. Once a trust relationship is built with the investors a short-lived second opportunity can be expected from them. This can also avoid the panic selling which is the case in most situations of this sort. Opinions are formed almost immediately in case of fraud cases and stock prices are gravely affected by this. The government of India also became one of the stakeholders because of the magnitude of the issue. It was a question of the countrys reputation as the IT hub. This was the reason that government intervened and established a board to resolve the issue. The shareholders, clients and customers needed a reliable team on the board and the government came to the rescue. Communication through a neutral team becomes effective to pacify the various stakeholders. The government appointed people who were not related to the company and had in the past acted as consultants for the government to resolve issues. This proved to be successful strategy of communication. A management always needs a competitive, straightforward and yielding strategy while handling crisis. The communication strategy used in Satyam scandal was effective and this led to a smooth transition and change of ownership. Big Brothers in deep trouble It takes 20 years to build a reputation and 5 minutes to ruin it- Warren  Buffett This encompasses the importance of Communication during crisis. Every organization is vulnerable to crisis. The most challenging part of crisis communication is reacting but what is more important is reacting with the right response and the speed with which ones reacting. This is because inaction or inappropriate communication leads to humiliation, prolonged visibility and unnecessary litigation. Success in crisis management depends largely on how an organization communicates with its stakeholders. Stakeholders have something at risk, and therefore something to gain or lose as a result of your organizations activity. During a crisis an organization has to look at itself from their stakeholders perspective because stakeholders would be most concerned at how the crisis incident would affect them. They are expecting the organization to communicate with them, so it is vital to be proactive if possible. One of the worst managed crises during recent times has been the financial meltdown in United States of America (USA). We would be concentrating on Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. whose downfall commenced the meltdown. Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc was a global financial services firm which, until declaring bankruptcy in 2008, participated in business investment banking, equity and fixed-income sales, research and trading, investment management, private equity, and private banking. It was a primary dealer in the U.S Treasury securities market. The history of Lehman Brothers parallels the growth of the United States and its energetic drive toward prosperity and international prominence. What would evolve into a global financial entity began as a general store in the American South. Henry Lehman, an immigrant from Germany, opened his small shop in the city of Montgomery, Alabama in 1844. Six years later, he was joined by brothers Emanuel and Mayer, and they named the business Lehman Brothers. The firm, thus, was founded in 1850. In 1858, they opened an office in New York, which was the commodity trading centre of the country. Later firm also moved into the area of financial advisory, which provided th e foundation for underwriting expertise. On September 15, 2008, the firm filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection following the massive exodus of most of its clients, drastic losses in its stock, and devaluation of its assets by credit rating agencies. The filing marked the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history. The following day, Barclays announced its agreement to purchase, subject to regulatory approval, Lehmans North American investment-banking and trading divisions along with its New York headquarters building. Lehman went down and it was evident in April. Why? Because of what didnt happen. As I have mentioned earlier inaction can be hazardous, in this case it was. Now let us understand from where it all began. In March, 2008 David Einhorn, founder of Greenlight, a famous hedge fund asked a simple question of Lehmans CFO, Erin Callan during a conference call with Wall Street analysts. The question was not answered. So scepticism set in. A month later Lehmans shares plunged by 40%. What did Dick Fuld (then the CEO of Lehman Brothers) do? He sued a Japanese trading company for 35 billion yen in unpaid fees. In April, Einhorn announced he was short selling Lehman stock (This meant that he believed Lehmans stock would decline). Callan called Einhorn and asked for a copy of his speech and he complied. After reading it Callan spent her time badmouthing Einhorn. Why would anyone do that? Try to deflect attention from issue and blame someone else? This implied that something was drastically wrong. But Fuld did nothing. What should have happened? At this juncture, Dick Fuld should have gotten out in front of his investors, his clients, the market and he didnt. He should have studied history. What did similar companies do in such situations? All Dick Fuld had to do was take the situation in his hands, address the financial situation, support his CFO, develop a new plan of action, if there were mistakes admit them, and be realistic. The problem with Lehman was Dick Fulds refusal to understand what Lehman was worth! Its called the art of negotiatingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦he thought it was worth more than it was. He should have sat down with his lieutenants and asked the question, what are our options? Instead Fuld demoted Callan, in June after raising $6 billion in new capital, after disclosing a $2.8 billion loss the quarter before, then fired a long time lieutenant and friend Joseph Gregory. Then the stock fell. What message did he send to his customers and investors? One needs to be 1000 times more committed to your customers, clients and owners than anyone else. One must have integrity to your owners, your stockholders and Fuld didnt do that. When you are a public company your legal obligation is to your stockholders, your customers and your employees. As a hedge fund your legal obligation is to your investors and your employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦its not all about you. So what should a company in crisis do to salvage the situation? The CEO should surround himself with good people that challenge you to mitigate executive hubris. When there is a crisis, emulate other companies that have successfully managed through a crisis. The minute a crisis begins, the company should hire a consumer research company to start polling consumer and client perceptions about the organization. Identify five executives on the crisis team. Develop a risk scenarios and contingent plans. Identify a Public Relations expert who can help the company through the crisis (before the crisis not during!). Create a culture that is committed to challenging one another. Create a board of directors that has at least one naysayer on it. If theyre all yes people, trouble is in brewing. Recognize the weakness of the company When there is a problem, develop the plan and get out in front of the issue right away. Dont procrastinate, which includes a media plan! When peoples livelihoods depend on you, it better not be about your ego, you need to serve the greater good. Am I OK?!?! When written in Chinese, the word crisis is composed of two characters-one represents danger, and the other represents opportunity. The personal crisis a person encounters in life pales in comparison to how he communicates and responds during the crisis. Effective communication can palliate the crisis and turn it into an opportunity .On the contrary, ineffective communication amplifies the crisis and results in the person enrolling himself in a crash course towards destruction. A quintessential crisis communication would be to analyze how Tiger Woods and David Letterman communicated after being embroiled in infidelity .It is hands down one of the greatest personal crisis communication story of the decade. Both these individuals have touched the acme of success in their respective fields. Tigers Woods is arguably the greatest athlete to have walked on the face of this planet and David Letterman,to his credit is one of the most renowned talk show hosts of this era. The parallels between their ways of communication was very vivid. David Letterman emerged from his story relatively unscathed and Tigers story appears to keep going and going, putting his endorsement deals and his status as the first Billion-Dollar Athlete in serious jeopardy. David Letterman, isnt just a talk show host, he is a huge brand. He and his show are an integral part of the multi-billion dollar CBS brand. So when the crisis hit Letterman, there were ramifications that could have gone far beyond mere personal embarrassment. He did what most brands or people are terrified to do, he released the information first. This was a positive thing to do as the story was then coated with his version of events.He didnt sugarcoat the worst news and acceded that he had affairs with his woman staffers. He ensured that the most damaging information came out from his lips first. He apologized to his family ,all his fans and all the woman over the world for his actions. He exercised his gift of gab and turned his parched sarcasm on himself .It was deadpan candor and ace crisis management. It made him look like a person who took complete responsibility for his actions and was genuinely contrite for the same. David Letterman was proactive to get in front of his situa tion, he told people what happened, what he did, and he made it a non-story. He emulated crisis communication 101- which is to describe the situation, be honest, apologize, say what you are , make an honest attempt to fix it and live your life. When it becomes a story is when you lie, when you avert questions, and when there clearly is something people want to find out to bring you down. He communicated the crisis in an exemplary way which precluded it from decimating and sabotaging his entire career . Tiger Woods communication after a similar crisis was a complete contrast to how David Letterman tackled the situation. Their ways are at the opposite ends of the spectrum. It would be the understatement of the year to say that Tiger Woods bungled the crisis. Essentially, Tiger should have ripped the bandage off the wound in one clean sweep when the story first broke. Instead he slowly peeled it away, which only created more curiosity and media interest. He should have stood up and owned the issue before the issue started owning him. Tiger Woods forgot that there are two courts a legal court and the court of public opinion, and he ignored the court of public opinion. If he had come forward with his side of the story and an act of contrition, it would have played better than having it come out piecemeal. It would have taken all the oxygen out of the womens statements. The announcement and the coverage would have been painful, but quicker. He also would have looked like a man who was t ruly sorry. His silence and then denial prolonged the story, and left reporters looking for other sources to talk about the scandal. Initially, he continued to sport his squeaky clean image and finally when he apologized by reading a scripted message ,it was very disjointed and discombobulated. Tiger Woods should have realized that world, both his fans and the general marketplace, are very forgiving but when you deliberately make yourself inaccessible or disguise the truth, it inevitably comes out and its always worse. It is a perfect example of how a man communicated terribly in a crisis which resulted in irreparable damages . His brand value has plummeted to an all time low and the odds of him recovering from it are very low.This case reinforces the importance of communication in a crisis. There are a plethora of personal crises that an individual faces in life ,but none of them can be as tangible,as palpable and as common as mid life crisis. It is something which majority of people on the wrong side of thirty or forty go through. These people act inconsistently with who they believe they are and set the stage for the societal clichà © of an identity crisis. When the crisis hits, they are immediately disoriented, questioning their previous convictions. Their whole world is turned upside down, and they experience an intense fear of pain. Often these people identify themselves as being young, and some environmental stimulant(turning a certain age, comments from friends, graying hair,wrinkles )causes them to dread their approaching years and the new, less desirable identity that they expect to experience with it. Thus, in a desperate effort to maintain their identity, they do things to prove theyre still young: buy fast cars, wear gaudy clothes, divorce their spouses, ch ange jobs. It is imperative that people understand the gravity of the predicament and do some soul searching and brutally honest self introspection to identify the problems in their life which they could rectify. They need to engage themselves in an intrapersonal communication to tackle the crisis. It is an incredibly potent but often underestimated way to deal with a personal crisis. It helps people have a solid grasp of their true identities and have a broader sense of who they are, hence their identity never becomes threatened. Intrapersonal communication helps them become more secure and comfortable in their skin as they realize that it is prudent to link their identity to something which is not ephemeral. Intrapersonal comm

Covingtons Conviction of Serpent Handling Essay -- Biography

In Salvation on Sand Mountain, the emotional frustrations, cultural hypotheses, and literary images provide insight into the ethics of the author, Dennis Covington. During his dangerous undertakings while submerged in the religious practices of Appalachia, Covington incites anxiety within the reader when discussing worship services involving snakes, and inquisitorial thought when revealing the number of casualties involved, in turn showcasing his own passions and morality. Covington’s rectitude, goodwill, and intelligence all play important roles in revealing his ethos. Subsequently, they also exemplify his argument: No obstacle can conquer one’s religious devotion. Covington’s intellect boasts a curious ambition to solve the secrets of the Appalachia through factual data and personal inquiries. â€Å"Their first church in town burned to the ground† Covington explains, â€Å"They suspected arson, but charges were never brought†¦they moved to other locations†¦neighbors complained of the noise. Wherever the handlers relocated, tires got slashed and windows broken† (25). By presenting facts about the trouble the snake-handlers dealt with, Covington reveals how steadfast they are in their religious faith. The serpent-handlers’ strong devotion has turned into a tainted reputation for some, such as Glenn Summerford. Curious to hear Glenn’s version of why he was put in jail for ninety-nine years, Covington interviews him. When asked about his wife, Darlene, Summerford simply states that when she was â€Å"living right, she drank [poison]† (50). Faced with a lifetime sentence in a jail cell, Summerford shows no remorse, and instead criticizes his wife, whom he attempted to murder, for not living by the word of God. Glenn Summerford’s testimonial is a ... ... person, yet theirs remain unconquered. As we analyze Covington’s rhetoric, we can see the manifestation of an ethos that follows a strong ethic code, a powerful intellectual prowess, and a devoted righteousness towards the confusing, yet strong-willed worshipers of serpent handling. As Covington explains it, â€Å"There are moments when you stand on the brink of a new experience and understand that you have no choice about it. Either you walk into the experience or you turn away from it, but you know that no matter what you choose†¦there will be consequences† (2). For the followers of serpent handling, these experiences are always pursued. These consequences, such as broken windows, burning churches, murder allegations, or desperate pursuits of the Holy Ghost, all have laid the foundation for Covington’s argument, that no obstacle can conquer one’s religious devotion.

Discovery Rules

Criminal or civil litigation is the last resort for seeking justice from the system. Given the large number of litigation suits filed in democratic countries as the United States, there is a need to seek recompense in justice outside the legal system or before parties concerned agree to bring the issue to a court of law. These measures however need to be institutionalized so that both parties are satisfied with the processes and are encouraged to resolve the matter outside the court of law.The mechanism of discovery rules is one such instrument which has provided for pre-trial phase in a law suit. The discovery procedure allows the parties in a law suit to request for evidence including documents from the other parties. The law provides for making such requests which could be for production as well as depositions. If required sub poenas can be issued for production of evidence. The discovery rules if used purposefully can lead to minimizing litigations as well as provide justice to l itigants.The aim of the prosecution is to collect sufficient evidence to establish veracity of the case and to ensure justice. However frequently the prosecution acts as an instrument to prove guilt of the accused. This mistaken notion results in subverting the very process that is required to be undertaken under the discovery rules. To avoid this anomaly it is essential that the prosecution discloses all evidence to the accused in a criminal case prior to the trial.Having so displayed information in all respects, be it exculpatory or inculpatory by the prosecution, the defendant will be able to establish culpability of the offence and in turn decide either to challenge the case or to disclose as much evidence as possible for the prosecution to assess if the case is to be pursued or will achieve the ends of justice. The defendant is granted very justifiably protection under the Fifth Amendment, a privilege of attorney-client relationship as well as against self recrimination because of which he should not be required to disclose evidence to the prosecution.This ensures that practical problems of implementing discovery rules are overcome. Prosecution can misuse discovery rules to extract maximum evidence regarding the case to strengthen arguments rather than seeking ends of justice. As Stracher (1998) has indicated the best legal minds are involved in manipulation of evidence rather than seeking ends of justice. Thus it would be appropriate for the defendant is able to exercise privileges granted in the present socio-legal environment.

What Is SAT Score Choice Why Should You Care

What Is SAT Score Choice Why Should You Care SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips . College Board's SAT Score Choice policy, started in 2009, means just what it sounds like. Well, you can't choose your scores - "I'll take a 2400, please!" - but you can choose which score reports you send to colleges. If you take the SAT more than once, then you can decide which scores get sent and which ones remain for your eyes only. Since we're always thinking strategically when it comes to the SAT, this article will discuss not just how Score Choice works, but also how you can use it to your advantage. First, what exactly is SAT Score Choice? What Is SAT Score Choice? If you're a high schooler taking the SAT, it's probably safe to assume you're applying to college. Part of your application is sending your SAT score reports, which is done through your College Board account. The Score Choice option lets you choose which score reports get sent and which ones don't. You can choose a score report by test date, or by individual test for an SAT Subject Test. You can't choose individual sections, like just sending your math score from January and your Reading and Writing scores from April, for example. Many colleges superscore your SAT, or take your highest section scores across all test dates, anyway, so this shouldn't cause much concern. If your schools have a policy of superscoring the SAT, is there any reason to use Score Choice and leave some score reports out? I'd say probably not, unless you have one that's a real outlier, like you were sick that day or performed way belowthe level you expected to. If you think it could look bad to admissions officers, then you might use Score Choice to leave that score report out. If you don't elect to useScore Choice, then College Board will send all your available scores to the colleges you listed as score recipients. Before this policy was implemented in 2009, students had no option of leaving out score reports. Sounds stressful, right? According to College Board, Score Choice is meant to reduce stress, improve the test day experience, and give students more control over their test results. I suspect that College Board is also trying to remain competitive with its ever more popular counterpart, the ACT, which has always allowed students to choose whichscore reports to send by test date. While I touched upon the logistics of this optionalready, let's look in more detail at exactly how SAT Score Choice works when you're sending your scores to colleges. The College Board carrier pigeons are ready at your command. How Does Score Choice Work? Your College Board account is your one stop to register for the SAT, view your scores, and send your score reports. When you register for the SAT, you can add four score recipients for free. You can edit these up to 9 days after your registration. After that, additional colleges cost $11.25, unless you qualify for an SAT fee waiver. If you've taken the SAT more than once, then you can use Score Choice to decide which score reports go to which colleges. You'll see a screen that looks something like this: If you don't use Score Choice, then College Board will send all your scores to the schools you indicate. There is one important limitation of Score Choice to be aware of when you're listing out your score recipients. Limitation of SAT Score Choice As I mentioned above, you can list up to 4 score recipients for free when you register for the SAT or for up to 9 days after.That means the scores from your future test, which you won't have taken yet, will be automatically sent to those 4 schools. Unfortunately, you can't signin and cancel those score reports if you're disappointed with your scores, since they'll be sent to your colleges at pretty much the same time they become available to you, about three weeks after you test. If you want to see those scores before they're sent off to admissions officers and have the financial means to do, then you might consider forgoing those 4 free score reports. Of course, this is only a possibility if you have enough time before your deadlinesto receive your scores before sendingthem. If you want total control over which score reports get sent, then you might not want to use the 4 free score reports at the time of registration. WhileCollege Board offers Score Choice to improve the test day experience for students, sadlynot all colleges are so amenable. There are some schoolsthat are strongly anti-Score Choice. Before using it, make sure you research your schools' policies toward SAT scores. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! Know Your Colleges' SAT Score Policies Not all colleges look at your SAT scores in exactly the same way. Some colleges, like Brown, Columbia, Harvard, University of Connecticut, and University of Virginia, superscore your test and take your highest section scores across all test dates. If your colleges superscore, then there might not be much reason to use Score Choice, unless you had a really off test day and wanted to keep that score report private. Other schools, like Arizona State, Colorado State, and University of Wisconsin, will look at your "highest sitting," meaning they won't take a math score from one date and a reading score from another. If this is the case, then you might use Score Choice to just send the score report from your best test date. Regardless of whether they have a superscoring or "highest sitting" policy, some of these schools tell you not to use Score Choice and to send all your available scores. For instance,Cornell says it "requires students to submit all scores from SAT tests taken and does not participate in the College Board's Score Choice." Stanford has the same policy, which it extends to the ACT, as well: "Applicants may not use the College Board's Score Choice feature or "hide" any scores with either testing agency." While College Board has done its part to improve the test day experience and give students more control over their test scores, unfortunately not all colleges are on board. Some other schools that have a "send all scores" policy are Duke, University of Pennsylvania, and Rice University. While these schools technically can't stop you from using Score Choice, they consider it a matter of integrity and honesty in your application that you'll abide by their policies. Before using Score Choice, make sure you research your colleges' policies towards SAT scores and score reporting so you know whether you should or are even allowed to use Score Choice. If you can't find this information on their admissions website, you can call an admissions office directly and ask what their stance is on SAT scores and College Board's Score Choice. Besides allowing you to leave out SAT scores that you don't think are up to par, does SAT Score Choice have any other advantages for students? Actually, it could affect how you prep and when you take the SAT. What Does SAT Score Choice Mean to You? Having the option of SAT Score Choice is another good reason to take the SAT more than once. Students almost always improve when they retake the SAT, especially if they do focused test prep on their areas of weakness between tests. Some students even take advantage of superscoring policies to build up a high composite score section by section. With this strategy, you might prep intensively for math before one test date, forreading for the next, and for writing for the third date. This approach could help focus your studying, reduce pressure, and maximize your overall scores to a higher peak than you could reach on any one single test date. Even with the option of leaving some score reports out, I wouldn't recommend taking the SAT any more than 5 or 6 times. The time and money spent on all these official tests could probably be better spent on test prep. If you're studying effectively, then you should be able to achieve your target scores within 6 tests. If not, you would probably be better served by adjusting your approach to test prep than by taking the SAT one more time. Of course, not every student has the luxury of time nor money to retake the SAT this many times. In a sense, Score Choice favors those who can afford multiple test dates and prep materials. While it's a policy that works in students' advantage, it also could be viewed partly as one more way that students from higher socio-economic backgrounds have an advantage when it comes to achieving strong SAT scores for their college applications. SAT Score Choice is a great option if you have a fluke testing day or scores you'd rather not share with admissions officers. It's another good reason to take the SAT multiple times, if you have the time and means to do so. While it may or may not impact your testing strategy, let's sum up the major takeaways you can gather from this SAT Score Choice policy. Takeaways of SAT Score Choice SAT Score Choice lets you choose which scores to send to colleges by test date at no extra cost. You can customize your score reporting toeach individual college you're applying to. Make sure to research your colleges' policies, so you know if they superscore, taking the highest sitting, and/or require you to send all your scores. Retaking the SAT (if possible) is a very good idea, especially since Score Choice allows you to pick and choose which scores to send to colleges. If you're strategic about your testing plan and schedule, then you can use these policies to your advantage and earnstrong SAT scores. Plus, you can breathe easy if you happen to have an off day or don't achieve the scores you want the first time around. As the old saying goes, "If at first you don't succeed, try, try again! And then use SAT Score Choice." What's Next? For the full list of colleges that superscore the SAT, check out our complete guide here. You can also see all the schools that require you to send all your scores. For whatever reason, they're not big fans of SAT Score Choice. Are you deciding when to take the SAT for the first time (or second or third)? Read about how to choose your test dates and schedule your test prep around your testing plan. Want to improve your SAT score by 160points?We have the industry's leading SAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today:

QACA and Qatar Charities Essays

QACA and Qatar Charities Essays QACA and Qatar Charities Essay QACA and Qatar Charities Essay 1.4 Challenges Faced by QACA between 2004 and 2009 Despite the many gains that QACA achieved between 2004 and 2009, it had to overcome many challenges. First, the authority employed a small staff (less than 60 employees). Due to the small size of its workforce, the authority outsourced auditing services to third party entities such as PriceWaterhouse Coopers. Outsourcing of services became a major bone of contention between the authority and Islamic charities in Qatar. Some of the charities claim that the contracted third party auditors were unreliable and not objective, and that they could disclose confidential information to unauthorized parties. The charitable groups also complained that the routine audits conducted by the contracted auditors at the behest of QACA lacked clear terms of reference because the charities were not getting reports after the audits. Concern were also raised that the audit cycle was taking too long, which was too costly to the charities. The charities alleged that the contracted third parties were deliber ately taking too long to complete the audit process so as to earn more money. These claims were refuted by QACA, but severely dented the organizations image in the country. Another issue of concern related to information exchange between QACA and the various charities and state agencies operating in Qatar. Immediately QACA was formed, it embarked on developing a system of communication network through which it could facilitate exchange of information with stakeholders. The authority could also use the communication system to electronically monitor each charitable groups financial processes. Such a communication system was never implemented because the charitable sector felt that the system could violate the privacy and confidentiality of charities. Some charities expressed fears that financial information passed to QACA through the system could end up in the hands of the competitors. Due to these reservations, the communication system, though well intended, was never implemented. This severed communication between QACA on one hand, and Islamic charities and other stakeholders on the other (Jonathan, 2003). Another challenge faced by QACA was the strong opposition from Qatar international charities which complained that the authority was biased because it played a dual role as a government regulator and as a charitable organization. In fact, part of QACAs mandate was to provide charitable aid and humanitarian assistance. Accordingly, the authority was always involved in several instances of aid delivery especially during catastrophic disasters and in crisis hit areas. For example, it provided aid to Indonesia after the deadly tsunami of 2004. The authority also provided aid to Pakistan and China following a series of catastrophes. Other charity groups felt that QACAs duality of roles created conflict of interest and exacerbated a state of competition between QACA (as a regulator) and the charities. This led to constrained relationships, making it difficult for QACA to execute its mandate effectively. 1.5 Dissolution of QACA Qaca was disbanded in 2009 following a decision by the government to restructure state institutions and ministries. In the restructuring process, a number of small government agencies were merged into ministries. Resultantly, the activities of QACA were taken over by the Ministry of Social Affairs. During the five year period when the Qatar Authority on Charitable Activities existed, it achieved many successes, setting precedence for future oversight and control of the charity sector. In its oversight roles, the authority found no evidence that Qatari charities or their foreign partners were involved in any illegal activities such a terror financing or money laundering. This gave the Qatari charity sector a clean bill of health, making Qatar one of the few countries in the Middle East with a well managed, transparent and efficient charity sector. Although QACA has long been disbanded, the government continues to regulate and monitor the charity sector with the aim of ensuring that ch aritable funds are used to make the greatest impact and that they are not diverted to criminal activities. As could be expected, the dissolution of QACA caused an immediate and long-lasting impact on the charity sector. Some charities felt that the dissolution was a sign of fragmentation in the government administration of public state agencies. Some feared that although the dissolution was not targeted exclusively at QACA, it could cause the charity sector to be regulated more stringently. Until the time of its dissolution, QACA had been considered the pioneer of a consultative framework for government coordination of the non-governmental sector. As such, some stakeholders felt the amalgamation of the activities of QACA with those of the ministry to be a wrong step taken by the government at a time when governments in other parts of the world were doing the opposite.

Culture Diversity between Saudi and Indian Cultures Assignment

Culture Diversity between Saudi and Indian Cultures - Assignment Example The Indian culture is probably one of the oldest and most unique cultures. Various parts of India, the south, north and northeast have distinct cultures of their own. From the interview, one would get to learn that in the various states of India, almost every state has created its own cultural niche. On the other hand, Saudi Arabia is also a rich culture which has mainly been shaped by the Islamic religion. Trade has also played a great role in enriching Arabian culture ever since the ancient time, as well as, its Bedouin traditions. In India religion is the way of life. Their religious beliefs and practices play a huge role in the culture and traditions of the Indian people (Hardy 69). However, the Indian society has really not changed. On the contrary, the Saudi society has gone through many developments over the years. The people of Saudi Arabia have with time dropped their traditions and values, their customs, their style of dressing and hospitality and adopted the modern way of doing things (Hardy 73). On the other hand, Indians up to date, still upholds their style of dressing, performing daily rituals and customs. The greatest similarity between the two is that their cultures are based mainly on the religion. For Indians, it is a pure religion while for Saudis it is Islam and Arab culture intertwined. Both Indian and Saudis are very welcoming to strangers, friends and family. In addition, Indians have many religions which include: Buddhism, Hinduism, Sikhism, Jainism, Islam, Christianity and Zoroastrian religions, while, Islam is the main religion for the people of Saudi Arabia. There exist a small percentage of Christians and Hindus who are primarily noncitizens from other countries (Hardy 77). In addition, to that Hindus are not allowed to worship in Saudi Arabia. Conversion from  Islam to another religion could result in a death sentence as punishment. However, in India, Hinduism is the main religion with over eight percent of the population being Hindu. Buddhism is the second most popular religion whereas Islam is the leading religion in India.

Wal-Mart on Becoming the World's Largest Company Essay

Wal-Mart on Becoming the World's Largest Company - Essay Example This was another great idea because store managers were more motivated to succeed and improve their individual stores. Another philosophy Walton had was locating his stores in small towns as opposed to large cities. This allowed him to avoid competition from larger retailers. He also created clusters of stores within a specific region and had giant warehouses built in the middle of these clusters in order to supply the stores in that region (â€Å"Wal-Mart,† 2009). These various strategies and management philosophies that Walton employed made Wal-Mart a tremendous success. Wal-Mart continued to expand in the 80s. Walton introduced â€Å"Sam’s Club† stores in 1983, which allowed customers to buy consumer goods at bulk-quantity prices. In 1987, Wal-Mart purchased a state of the art networking system that instantly communicated inventory and sales information across their network of stores. This greatly increased efficiency and gave Wal-Mart another edge over its co mpetitors. A year later, Wal-Mart introduced their first â€Å"Supercenter† which combined their retail store with a supermarket. They continued to grow in the 90s as they went international in 1995 and introduced the first â€Å"Neighborhood Market† stores, which specialize in groceries, in 1998 (â€Å"Wal-Mart,† 2009).

Discuss How Service Operations are Different from Manufacturing Essay

Discuss How Service Operations are Different from Manufacturing Operations - Essay Example Waste in the process or fail points are not obvious in service operations that efforts to reduce cost and control quality before they reach the customer can be very difficult (Wienclaw 2008). This makes the operations of many service oriented companies costly with many customers dissatisfied with the service they received. The need to align service delivery in accordance to customer expectations and the market imperative to reduce cost to remain competitive in the market, however, compels the operations of service oriented industry to adopt and implement manufacturing approaches and systems. By implementing manufacturing approaches and systems, the cost of operations in service oriented companies are being reduced such as the case of McDonalds as stated in this paper. The implementation of quality control system such as Six Sigma also enabled Bank of America not only to increase the level of its customer’s satisfaction but also saved the company $2 billion in expenditures rela ted to areas where Six Sigma was implemented. II. How service operations are different from manufacturing operations.   The most obvious difference between a service operations and manufacturing operations are the products they produce. Service operations sell service that has no physical presence while manufacturing operations produces concrete products that has a physical existence. Unlike manufacturing operations that produces concrete products whose quality can easily determined by its specifications, service operations differs from manufacturing operations because its output is often evaluated in terms of customer experience. Activities of a service operation are often based on the quality, speed, competence and courtesy of its delivery that is not easily quantifiable that could be subjected to the relativity of customer’s experience (Wienclaw 2008). The factors that determine a good service cannot be easily quantified because of the difficulty of operationally definin g what makes a good service delivery. Unlike in manufacturing where fail points in its process can be easily determined and substandard products can be readily rejected before reaching the customer, service operations outputs are subjected to perceptions and expectations of the customer which are relative (Wienclaw 2008). For example, walking through a novice customer in a step by step computer troubleshooting procedure may be very helpful that would constitute a good customer service but the same could also be annoying to a technically proficient customer that could affect the overall customer satisfaction. The differences of service operations from manufacturing operations can be categorized in the factors of intangibility, heterogeneity, inseparability and perishability that make services difficult to control and improve. Intangibility – plainly, service cannot be recognized by any of the five senses. Unlike in manufacturing operations whose outputs are concrete, services rendered by a service oriented company cannot be seen, touched, smelled, heard, or tasted (Kotler et al. 2004). It can only be

Law governing Turkey Essay Example for Free

Law governing Turkey Essay IVF (in vitro fertilization) refers to treatment for infertility, in which eggs are removed from a womans body, fertilized with sperm in a laboratory, and then returned to the womb shortly afterwards to continue developing. IVF has been greatly achieved by the Turkish Medicine community such that even individual mothers and couples from other countries hospitals in go into Turkey in order to get children through this process. The sperms donated by sperm donors undergo screening in order to check their health status and the desirable traits required by most patients (ourbodiesourselves para2). These advances in technologies are not in harmony with the culture and the law governing Turkey. The paces at which the technologies are advancing are greater than the rate at which the society is responding to such changes, especially by those in lower socioeconomic class. But again many people would prefer the idea of surrogate motherhood and oocyte donation to some new techniques that are applied in medical practice today. All over the world, Turkey included, people are still debating on the social and ethical impacts of oocyte donation and surrogacy on the society. According to (Selim, et al 34), not many studies have been carried out in Turkish society to get their views on surrogate motherhood and oocyte donation. But studies that have been conducted with an aim of investigating the ethical dilemmas faced by the Turkish people on in vitro fertilization and oocyte donation have shown that even most infertile married females would still not accept surrogate motherhood and egg donation. Most of them had preferred adoption to IVF method. They reason that, these advancements in medicine are against nature (Selim, Et al 54). Interestingly, many studies carried out in Turkey show that many people agree to oocyte donation. Analysis Ethics is the belief and principles that determine people’s behavior which in turn forms people’s culture. IVF and oocyte donation for a long time has been a topic of debate especially concerning their conflicting values to societal norms and at the same time the need to fulfill patients’ desires to have children. Normally infertile couples can make decision on what they want regarding having children but this is limited the laws that govern reproduction in Turkey. The laws have to be consistent with the socio-cultural and religious values, which in Turkey does not permit certain reproductive treatments. Ethical issues that have risen since this technology came to place include the spread of gay marriages which is against Islamic and Christian teachings and is a threat to moral being of most societies in the world (Jinemed Hospital para 4). Unfortunately, even Lesbian couples and gay men hire surrogates to give birth to their children. This is against the purpose for which the technology was developed. Another issue is the sustainability of most marriages not just in Turkey but in the whole world in general especially in USA where most divorce cases occur. Some women particularly those of high socioeconomic status prefer to stay single because after all there is oocyte donation and they can afford to pay surrogates. Some just do this because she would never want to be seen pregnant or to bear the pain of carrying the baby in her womb. These technologies have serious effects on marriages today since anybody can have a child whether in a relationship or not. Although Turkey does not experience high divorce rates as the USA, but it still poises a problem. The issue about the stability of the family has also been a major concern especially on the side of the surrogate mother comes from. The first surrogate mother in the world, Elizabeth Kane describes her ordeal as surrogate mother to be one of the worst experiences in her life since normally the society has eyes on you and your family. She says that being a surrogate psychologically and emotionally affects the mother, her husband and even their children. It even becomes difficult to think of surrendering the child to the mother due to the emotional attachment between the surrogate mother and the child. She considers being a surrogate to be prostitution (Ourbodiesourselves para 2). Conclusion IVF (in vitro fertilization) and oocyte donation had all the good intentions but its negative impacts were not seriously looked into before putting it into practice for human beings and that is the reason why coming up with a proper and all inclusive legislation has not been possible not only in Turkey but in any country in the world. Just like cloning has been a big issue and threat to humans, IVF might be different but it poses almost the same threat to human beings. Proper legislation is necessary to curb the ethical issues that have been raised by religious communities and the civil society. Again, just like abortion, legislation alone may not contribute much in reconsidering such practices. The most important is the attitude of the people towards such technologies. Works Cited Page Jinemed Hospital: Infertility treatment in Turkey. Intuition Communication Ltd, Istanbul 2010 Retrieved from http://www. treatmentabroad. com/infertility-treatment-abroad/turkey- infertility/jinemed-hospital/ Our Bodies Ourselves: The Politics of Womens Health. Health Resource Centre, Boston. 2008 Retrieved from http://www. ourbodiesourselves. org/book/companion. asp? id=31compID=67 Selim; Muharrem; Hakan; Mahir; Gulec; Adnan; Fatma; Ceren and Ozlem et al. Determination of the attitudes of Turkish infertile women towards surrogacy and oocyte donation. Professional Medical Publication, Karachi 2009